Eichhubl, P., Taylor, W. L., Pollard, D. D., <strong>and</strong> Aydin, A., 2004, Paleo-fluid flow <strong>and</strong> deformation in the Aztec S<strong>and</strong>stone at the Valley <strong>of</strong> Fire, Nevada--Evidence for the coupling <strong>of</strong> hydrogeological, diagenetic <strong>and</strong> tectonic processes: Geological Society <strong>of</strong> America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 9-10, p. 1120-1136. Engelder, T., 1974, Cataclasis <strong>and</strong> the generation <strong>of</strong> fault gouge: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 85, p. 1515-1522. Erdogan, F., <strong>and</strong> Sih, G. C., 1963, On crack extension in plates under plane loading <strong>and</strong> transverse shear: Journal <strong>of</strong> Basic Engineering—Transactions <strong>of</strong> American Society <strong>of</strong> Mechanical Engineers, v. 85, p. 519-527. Eshelby, J. D., 1957, The determination <strong>of</strong> the elastic field <strong>of</strong> an ellipsoidal inclusion <strong>and</strong> related problems: Royal Society <strong>of</strong> London, Proceedings, v. A241, p. 376-396. -, 1959, The elastic field outside an ellipsoidal inclusion: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Royal Society <strong>of</strong> London, v. A252, p. 561-569. Fleck, N. A., 1991, Brittle fracture due to an array <strong>of</strong> microcracks: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Royal Society <strong>of</strong> London, v. A432, p. 55-76. Fleck, R. J., 1970, Tectonic style, magnitude <strong>and</strong> age <strong>of</strong> deformation in the Sevier orogenic belt in southern Nevada <strong>and</strong> eastern California: Geological Society <strong>of</strong> America Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1705-1720. Fletcher, R. C., <strong>and</strong> Pollard, D. D., 1981, Anticrack model for pressure solution surfaces: Geology, v. 9, p. 419-424. Flodin, E. A., 2003, Structural evolution, petrophysics <strong>and</strong> large-scale permeability <strong>of</strong> faults in s<strong>and</strong>stone, Valley <strong>of</strong> Fire, Nevada [Ph.D. thesis]: <strong>Stanford</strong> University, 180 p. Flodin, E. A., <strong>and</strong> Aydin, A., 2004, Evolution <strong>of</strong> a strike-slip fault network, Valley <strong>of</strong> Fire, southern Nevada: Geological Society <strong>of</strong> America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 42-59. Flodin, E. A., Gerdes, M., Aydin, A., <strong>and</strong> Wiggins, W. D., 2005, Petrophysical properties <strong>and</strong> sealing capacity <strong>of</strong> fault rock from sheared-joint based faults, Aztec S<strong>and</strong>stone, Nevada, in Tsuji, Y., <strong>and</strong> Sorkhabi, R., eds., Fault seals <strong>and</strong> petroleum traps: American Association <strong>of</strong> Petroleum Geologists Memoir, v. 85, p. 197-217. Flodin, E. A., Prasad, M., <strong>and</strong> Aydin, A., 2003, Petrophysical constraints on deformation styles in Aztec S<strong>and</strong>stone: Pure <strong>and</strong> Applied Geophysics, v. 160, p. 1589-1610. Fossen, H., <strong>and</strong> Hesthammer, J., 1998, Deformation b<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> their significance in porous s<strong>and</strong>stone reservoirs: First Break, v. 16, no. 1, p. 21-25. Freeman, D. H., 1990, Permeability effects <strong>of</strong> deformation b<strong>and</strong>s in porous s<strong>and</strong>stones [Master's thesis]: University <strong>of</strong> Oklahoma, 90 p. 206
Freeze, R. A., <strong>and</strong> Cherry, J. A., 1979, Groundwater: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 604 p. Gibson, R. G., 1998, Physical character <strong>and</strong> fluid-flow properties <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong>stone-derived fault zones, in Coward, M. P., Daltaban, T. S., <strong>and</strong> Johnson, H., eds., Structural Geology in Reservoir Characterization: Geological Society <strong>of</strong> London Special Publications, v. 127, p. 83-97. Haimson, B. C., 2001, Fracture-like borehole breakouts in high-porosity s<strong>and</strong>stone: Are they caused by compaction b<strong>and</strong>s?: Physics <strong>and</strong> Chemistry <strong>of</strong> the Earth, Part A, v. 26, p. 15-20. -, 2003, Borehole breakouts in Berea s<strong>and</strong>stone reveal a new fracture mechanism: Pure <strong>and</strong> Applied Geophysics, v. 160, p. 813-831. Haimson, B. C., <strong>and</strong> Lee, H., 2004, Borehole breakouts <strong>and</strong> compaction b<strong>and</strong>s in two high-porosity s<strong>and</strong>stones: International Journal <strong>of</strong> Rock Mechanics <strong>and</strong> Mining Science, v. 41, p. 287-301. Hesthammer, J., <strong>and</strong> Henden, J. O., 2000, Information on fault orientation from unoriented cores: AAPG Bulletin, v. 84, no. 4, p. 472-488. Hesthammer, J., Johansen, T. E. S., <strong>and</strong> Watts, L., 2000, Spatial relationships within fault damage zones in s<strong>and</strong>stone: Marine <strong>and</strong> Petroleum Geology, v. 17, p. 873-893. Hill, R. E., 1989, Analysis <strong>of</strong> deformation b<strong>and</strong>s in the Aztec S<strong>and</strong>stone, Valley <strong>of</strong> Fire State Park, Nevada [Master’s thesis]: University <strong>of</strong> Nevada, 68 p. Hoagl<strong>and</strong>, R. G., Hahn, G. T., <strong>and</strong> Rosenfield, A. R., 1973, Influence <strong>of</strong> microstructure on fracture <strong>propagation</strong> in rock: Rock Mechanics, v. 5, p. 77-106. Holcomb, D. J., <strong>and</strong> Olsson, W. A., 2003, Compaction localization <strong>and</strong> fluid flow: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 108, no. B6, p. 2290, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000813. Irwin, G. R., 1960, Fracture Mechanics, in Structural Mechanics—1st Symposium on Naval Structural Mechanics, Proceedings, p. 557-592. Issen, K. A., <strong>and</strong> Rudnicki, J. W., 2000, Conditions for compaction b<strong>and</strong>s in porous rock: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 21,529-21,536. -, 2001, Theory <strong>of</strong> compaction b<strong>and</strong>s in porous rock: Physics <strong>and</strong> Chemistry <strong>of</strong> the Earth, Part A, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 95-100. Jamison, W. R., <strong>and</strong> Stearns, D. W., 1982, Tectonic deformation <strong>of</strong> Wingate S<strong>and</strong>stone, Colorado National Monument: American Association <strong>of</strong> Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, no. 12, p. 2584-2608. 207
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STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, PROPAGATION MEC
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Abstract Low-porosity, low-permeabi
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delivered with fortitude, humor, su
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Chapter 3—Energy-release model of
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List of Illustrations Figure A. Cov
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Figure A. Cover photo that accompan
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likely present in subsurface sandst
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hooking-tip interactions—using th
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and sandstone, my co-authors—Moha
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the hard data from which accurate p
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Although the Aztec sandstone experi
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Waterpocket Fault 36 o 26‘ N 0 1
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Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quatern
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3.3. Deformation The Aztec also has
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There also are relatively high-angl
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(e) (f) (c) 500µm compaction band
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dihedral angle of 80° or more, and
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5. Compaction band orientations Ori
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n = 20 M n = 20 P n = 22 B n = 20 R
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were encountered, giving the dihedr
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Eichhubl et al., 2004) did not lend
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P (a) (c) S P S Figure 1.10. Stereo
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possible, and use these to better c
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1.5(ρgz) (b) WEST Willow Tank Uppe
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9. Acknowledgements My sincere than
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The term compaction band (CB) was c
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Pollard, 2002). The particular util
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Hue-based image analysis using MATL
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a direct genetic relationship (Hill
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Compaction band fin Depositional be
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suggests—that to first approximat
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Porosity Porosity 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
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pore-clogging clay—due presumably
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500 µm Figure 2.9. Electron backsc
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(a) (b) σ 3 σ 1 x 3 x 1 x 1 (c) u
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6. Elastic properties Despite a lon
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Comparison of the two approaches es
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term in (6a) and (6c) begins to dom
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MPa MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
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2002) and use a BEM approach (Crouc
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MPa 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 −5 10
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concentration of quartz plasticity
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conducted on well-cemented sandston
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~ 62 m compaction band trend 500µm
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Sternlof et al. (2005) have suggest
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2005). It consists of a long (infin
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⎡ ∆ ⎤ ⎧ p 1 ∆ ⎛ M ⎞
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which point the inelastic strain ha
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they can exert significant effects
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interact is inversely proportional
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.3. Typical
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Viewed individually, CB traces tend
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 4.7.
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1973; Mardon, 1988; Peck et al., 19
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undamaged host rock. That CBs canno
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0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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Normalized stress magnitude 3 2.5 2
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helps to explain why the oblique ap
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and ts = G·ds + H·dn (2) where tn
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plastic compaction, as suggested by
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To determine the sensitivity of pro
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segments will self-correct to provi
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6.3. Approaching tip interactions A
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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the hooking patterns commonly obser
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(a) (b) (c) σ1 compaction band max
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σ 3 σ 2 σ 1 Figure 4.24. Schemat
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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compaction band Figure 5.2. Typical
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3. Computational method The methodo
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compaction band A 5 mm A‘ compact
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4. Application to the Aztec sandsto
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Permeability (mD) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10
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B‘ A‘ A c f m c m c f c f c f c
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equivalent of the Aztec sandstone,
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effective permeability represents a
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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Commonly from ~1 mm to ~1.5 cm in t
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Although systematic arrays of DBs p
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to 2 m, with both sets in a cross-h
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y identical blocks all subject to t
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contiguous areas. This type of char
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- Page 182 and 183: 100 meters 5 meters NV UT CA AZ Par
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- Page 222 and 223: -, 1987, Fracture from a straight c
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