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Carpenter, D. G., and Carpenter, J. A., 1994, Fold-thrust structure, synorogenic rocks, and structural analysis of the North Muddy and Muddy Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, in Dobbs, S. W., and Taylor, W. J., eds., Structural and stratigraphhic investigations and petroleum potential of Nevada, with special emphasis south of the Railroad Valley producing trend: Nevada Petroleum Society Conference II, p. 65-94. Cashman, S., and Cashman, K., 2000, Cataclasis and deformation-band formation in unconsolidated marine terrace sand, Humboldt County, California: Geology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 111-114. Chen, Y., Durlofsky, L. J., Gerritsen , M., and Wen, X. H., 2003, A coupled local-global upscaling approach for simulating flow in highly heterogeneous formations: Advances in Water Resources, v. 26, p. 1041-1060. Chester, J. S., Lenz, S. C., Chester, F. M., and Lang, R. A., 2004, Mechanisms of compaction of quartz sand at diagenetic conditions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 220, no. 3-4, p. 435-451. Cocco, M., and Rice, J. R., 2002, Pore pressure and poroelasticity effects in Coulomb stress analysis of earthquake interactions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, B22030, doi: 10.1029/2000JB000138. Cotterell, B., and Rice, J. R., 1980, Slightly curved or kinked cracks: International Journal of Fracture, v. 16, p. 155-169. Crawford, B. R., 1998, Experimental fault sealing: shear band permeability dependency on cataclastic fault gouge characteristics, in Coward, M. P., Daltaban, M. P., and Johnson, T. S., eds., Structural geology in reservoir characterization, Geological Society of London Special Publications, v. 127, p. 27-47. Crouch, S. L., 1976, Solution of plane elastictiy problems by the displacement discontinuity method: International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 10, p. 301-343. Crouch, S. L., and Starfield, A. M., 1983, Boundary Element Methods in Solid Mechanics: with applications in rock mechanics and geological engineering: London, George Allen & Unwin, 322 p. Cruikshank, K. M., Zhao, G., and Johnson, A. M., 1991, Analysis of minor fractures associated with joints and faulted joints: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 13, p. 865-886. Davatzes, N. C., Eichhubl, P., and Aydin, A., 2005, The structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone: The Moab fault, SE Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, no. 1/2, p. 135-148. Davis, G. H., 1998, Fault-fin landscape: Geological Magazine, v. 135, p. 283-286. 204
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Page 1 and 2:
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, PROPAGATION MEC
Page 4 and 5:
Abstract Low-porosity, low-permeabi
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delivered with fortitude, humor, su
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Chapter 3—Energy-release model of
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List of Illustrations Figure A. Cov
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Figure A. Cover photo that accompan
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likely present in subsurface sandst
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hooking-tip interactions—using th
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and sandstone, my co-authors—Moha
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the hard data from which accurate p
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Although the Aztec sandstone experi
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Waterpocket Fault 36 o 26‘ N 0 1
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Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quatern
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3.3. Deformation The Aztec also has
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There also are relatively high-angl
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(e) (f) (c) 500µm compaction band
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dihedral angle of 80° or more, and
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5. Compaction band orientations Ori
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n = 20 M n = 20 P n = 22 B n = 20 R
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were encountered, giving the dihedr
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Eichhubl et al., 2004) did not lend
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P (a) (c) S P S Figure 1.10. Stereo
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possible, and use these to better c
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1.5(ρgz) (b) WEST Willow Tank Uppe
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9. Acknowledgements My sincere than
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The term compaction band (CB) was c
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Pollard, 2002). The particular util
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Hue-based image analysis using MATL
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a direct genetic relationship (Hill
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Compaction band fin Depositional be
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suggests—that to first approximat
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Porosity Porosity 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
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pore-clogging clay—due presumably
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500 µm Figure 2.9. Electron backsc
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(a) (b) σ 3 σ 1 x 3 x 1 x 1 (c) u
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6. Elastic properties Despite a lon
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Comparison of the two approaches es
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term in (6a) and (6c) begins to dom
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MPa MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
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2002) and use a BEM approach (Crouc
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MPa 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 −5 10
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concentration of quartz plasticity
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conducted on well-cemented sandston
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~ 62 m compaction band trend 500µm
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Sternlof et al. (2005) have suggest
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2005). It consists of a long (infin
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⎡ ∆ ⎤ ⎧ p 1 ∆ ⎛ M ⎞
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which point the inelastic strain ha
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they can exert significant effects
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interact is inversely proportional
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.3. Typical
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Viewed individually, CB traces tend
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 4.7.
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1973; Mardon, 1988; Peck et al., 19
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undamaged host rock. That CBs canno
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0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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Normalized stress magnitude 3 2.5 2
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helps to explain why the oblique ap
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and ts = G·ds + H·dn (2) where tn
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plastic compaction, as suggested by
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To determine the sensitivity of pro
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segments will self-correct to provi
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6.3. Approaching tip interactions A
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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the hooking patterns commonly obser
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(a) (b) (c) σ1 compaction band max
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σ 3 σ 2 σ 1 Figure 4.24. Schemat
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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compaction band Figure 5.2. Typical
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3. Computational method The methodo
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compaction band A 5 mm A‘ compact
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4. Application to the Aztec sandsto
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Permeability (mD) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10
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B‘ A‘ A c f m c m c f c f c f c
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equivalent of the Aztec sandstone,
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effective permeability represents a
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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Commonly from ~1 mm to ~1.5 cm in t
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Although systematic arrays of DBs p
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to 2 m, with both sets in a cross-h
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y identical blocks all subject to t
Page 166 and 167: contiguous areas. This type of char
Page 168 and 169: (0,b) n 3 (0,0) f 2 n 2 n 1 (a,0) (
Page 170 and 171: 6.1. Parallel Effective permeabilit
Page 172 and 173: By contrast, band-parallel effectiv
Page 174 and 175: Relative Effective Permeability 1.0
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) 0 meters 3 = 10-2 kb /k
Page 178 and 179: Though grossly systematic, anastomo
Page 180 and 181: 168
Page 182 and 183: 100 meters 5 meters NV UT CA AZ Par
Page 184 and 185: compaction band trend 500µm Figure
Page 186 and 187: Cover Outcrop Band N 100 meters 20
Page 188 and 189: (CBs) and the matrix rock in all si
Page 190 and 191: The finite volume discretization fo
Page 192 and 193: isotropic) can lead to numerical di
Page 194 and 195: 5. Simulations Three sets of 2-D si
Page 196 and 197: Normalized ∆P ∆P ratio (n/p) 4.
Page 198 and 199: P P P P I I P P Case 1 P P Case 2 I
Page 200 and 201: Case 1 Case 1 Case 1 (a) (b) (c) In
Page 202 and 203: 5.2.2. Discussion The elliptical pa
Page 204 and 205: 5.3.1. Results With the regional gr
Page 206 and 207: (a) (b) Leak 200 meters Regional gr
Page 208 and 209: anticipated sustainable pumping rat
Page 210 and 211: Finally, there is the issue of fore
Page 212 and 213: 200
Page 214 and 215: Bakke, S., and Øren, P. E., 1997,
Page 218 and 219: Eichhubl, P., Taylor, W. L., Pollar
Page 220 and 221: Karimi-Fard, M., Durlofsky, L. J.,
Page 222 and 223: -, 1987, Fracture from a straight c
Page 224 and 225: Shipton, Z. K., and Cowie, P. A., 2
Page 226: Wong, T. F., David, C., and Zhu, W.
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