Carpenter, D. G., <strong>and</strong> Carpenter, J. A., 1994, Fold-thrust structure, synorogenic rocks, <strong>and</strong> <strong>structural</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> the North Muddy <strong>and</strong> Muddy Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, in Dobbs, S. W., <strong>and</strong> Taylor, W. J., eds., Structural <strong>and</strong> stratigraphhic investigations <strong>and</strong> petroleum potential <strong>of</strong> Nevada, with special emphasis south <strong>of</strong> the Railroad Valley producing trend: Nevada Petroleum Society Conference II, p. 65-94. Cashman, S., <strong>and</strong> Cashman, K., 2000, Cataclasis <strong>and</strong> deformation-b<strong>and</strong> formation in unconsolidated marine terrace s<strong>and</strong>, Humboldt County, California: Geology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 111-114. Chen, Y., Durl<strong>of</strong>sky, L. J., Gerritsen , M., <strong>and</strong> Wen, X. H., 2003, A coupled local-global upscaling approach for simulating flow in highly heterogeneous formations: Advances in Water Resources, v. 26, p. 1041-1060. Chester, J. S., Lenz, S. C., Chester, F. M., <strong>and</strong> Lang, R. A., 2004, Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> compaction <strong>of</strong> quartz s<strong>and</strong> at diagenetic conditions: Earth <strong>and</strong> Planetary Science Letters, v. 220, no. 3-4, p. 435-451. Cocco, M., <strong>and</strong> Rice, J. R., 2002, Pore pressure <strong>and</strong> poroelasticity effects in Coulomb stress analysis <strong>of</strong> earthquake interactions: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 107, B22030, doi: 10.1029/2000JB000138. Cotterell, B., <strong>and</strong> Rice, J. R., 1980, Slightly curved or kinked cracks: International Journal <strong>of</strong> Fracture, v. 16, p. 155-169. Crawford, B. R., 1998, Experimental fault sealing: shear b<strong>and</strong> permeability dependency on cataclastic fault gouge characteristics, in Coward, M. P., Daltaban, M. P., <strong>and</strong> Johnson, T. S., eds., Structural <strong>geology</strong> in reservoir characterization, Geological Society <strong>of</strong> London Special Publications, v. 127, p. 27-47. Crouch, S. L., 1976, Solution <strong>of</strong> plane elastictiy problems by the displacement discontinuity method: International Journal <strong>of</strong> Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 10, p. 301-343. Crouch, S. L., <strong>and</strong> Starfield, A. M., 1983, Boundary Element Methods in Solid Mechanics: with applications in rock <strong>mechanics</strong> <strong>and</strong> geological engineering: London, George Allen & Unwin, 322 p. Cruikshank, K. M., Zhao, G., <strong>and</strong> Johnson, A. M., 1991, Analysis <strong>of</strong> minor fractures associated with joints <strong>and</strong> faulted joints: Journal <strong>of</strong> Structural Geology, v. 13, p. 865-886. Davatzes, N. C., Eichhubl, P., <strong>and</strong> Aydin, A., 2005, The <strong>structural</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong> fault zones in s<strong>and</strong>stone: The Moab fault, SE Utah: Geological Society <strong>of</strong> America Bulletin, v. 117, no. 1/2, p. 135-148. Davis, G. H., 1998, Fault-fin l<strong>and</strong>scape: Geological Magazine, v. 135, p. 283-286. 204
Delaney, P. T., Pollard, D. D., Ziony, J. I., <strong>and</strong> McKee, E. H., 1986, Field relations between dikes <strong>and</strong> joints: emplacement processes <strong>and</strong> paleostress analysis: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 91, no. B5, p. 4,920-4,938. Dentz, M., Kinzelbach, H., Attinger, S., <strong>and</strong> Kinzelbach, W., 2002, Temporal behavior <strong>of</strong> a solute cloud in a heterogeneous porous medium, 3: Numerical simulations: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 7, p. 1118, doi: 10.1029/2001WR000436. Desbarats, A. J., 1987, Numerical estimation <strong>of</strong> effective permeability in s<strong>and</strong>-shale formations: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 2, p. 273-286. DeTournay, C., Cunall, P., <strong>and</strong> Parra, J., 2003, A study <strong>of</strong> compaction b<strong>and</strong> formation with the double yield model, in Brummer, R., ed., FLAC <strong>and</strong> Numerical Modeling in Geo<strong>mechanics</strong>: Proceeding <strong>of</strong> the Third International FLAC Symposium: Lisse, Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, Swets & Zeitlinger, p. 27-33. Deutsch, C., 1989, Calculating effective absolute permeability in s<strong>and</strong>stone/shale sequences: Society <strong>of</strong> Petroleum Engineers Formation Evaluations, v. 4, p. 343- 348. Deutsch, C. V., <strong>and</strong> Journel, A. G., 1998, GSLIB: Geostatistical S<strong>of</strong>tware Library <strong>and</strong> User's Guide: New York, Oxford University Press, 369 p. Doolen, G. D., 1990, Lattice Gas Methods for Partial Differential Equations: Redwood City, California, Addison-Wesley, 554 p. Du Bernard, X., Eichhubl, P., <strong>and</strong> Aydin, A., 2002, Dilation B<strong>and</strong>s: A New Form <strong>of</strong> Localized Failure in Granular Media: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 24, doi: 1029/2002GLO15966. Duebendorfer, E. M., Beard, L. S., <strong>and</strong> Smith, E. I., 1998, Restoration <strong>of</strong> Tertiary deformation in the Lake Mead region, southern Nevada: the role <strong>of</strong> strike-slip transfer faults, in Faulds, J. E., <strong>and</strong> Stewart, J. H., eds., Accommodation zones <strong>and</strong> tranfer zones: Regional segmentation <strong>of</strong> the Basin <strong>and</strong> Range province, Geological Society <strong>of</strong> America Special Paper 323, p. 127-148. Durl<strong>of</strong>sky, L. J., 1991, Numerical calculation <strong>of</strong> equivalent grid block permeability tensors for heterogeneous porous media: Water Resources Research, v. 27, p. 699-708. -, 1992, Representations <strong>of</strong> grid-block permeability in coarse-scale models <strong>of</strong> r<strong>and</strong>omly heterogeneous porous media: Water Resources Research, v. 28, p. 1791-1800. Edwards, E. H., Becker, A. D., <strong>and</strong> Howell, J. A., 1993, Compartimentalization <strong>of</strong> an eolian s<strong>and</strong>stone by <strong>structural</strong> heterogeneities: Permo-Triassic Hopeman S<strong>and</strong>stone, Moray Firth, Scotl<strong>and</strong>, in North, C. P., <strong>and</strong> Prosser, D. J., eds., Characterization <strong>of</strong> fluvial <strong>and</strong> eolian reservoirs: London, Geological Society <strong>of</strong> London, p. 339-365. 205
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STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, PROPAGATION MEC
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Abstract Low-porosity, low-permeabi
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delivered with fortitude, humor, su
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Chapter 3—Energy-release model of
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List of Illustrations Figure A. Cov
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Figure A. Cover photo that accompan
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likely present in subsurface sandst
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hooking-tip interactions—using th
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and sandstone, my co-authors—Moha
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the hard data from which accurate p
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Although the Aztec sandstone experi
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Waterpocket Fault 36 o 26‘ N 0 1
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Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quatern
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3.3. Deformation The Aztec also has
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There also are relatively high-angl
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(e) (f) (c) 500µm compaction band
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dihedral angle of 80° or more, and
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5. Compaction band orientations Ori
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n = 20 M n = 20 P n = 22 B n = 20 R
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were encountered, giving the dihedr
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Eichhubl et al., 2004) did not lend
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P (a) (c) S P S Figure 1.10. Stereo
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possible, and use these to better c
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1.5(ρgz) (b) WEST Willow Tank Uppe
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9. Acknowledgements My sincere than
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The term compaction band (CB) was c
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Pollard, 2002). The particular util
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Hue-based image analysis using MATL
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a direct genetic relationship (Hill
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Compaction band fin Depositional be
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suggests—that to first approximat
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Porosity Porosity 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
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pore-clogging clay—due presumably
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500 µm Figure 2.9. Electron backsc
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(a) (b) σ 3 σ 1 x 3 x 1 x 1 (c) u
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6. Elastic properties Despite a lon
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Comparison of the two approaches es
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term in (6a) and (6c) begins to dom
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MPa MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
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2002) and use a BEM approach (Crouc
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MPa 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 −5 10
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concentration of quartz plasticity
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conducted on well-cemented sandston
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~ 62 m compaction band trend 500µm
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Sternlof et al. (2005) have suggest
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2005). It consists of a long (infin
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⎡ ∆ ⎤ ⎧ p 1 ∆ ⎛ M ⎞
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which point the inelastic strain ha
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they can exert significant effects
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interact is inversely proportional
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.3. Typical
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Viewed individually, CB traces tend
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 4.7.
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1973; Mardon, 1988; Peck et al., 19
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undamaged host rock. That CBs canno
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0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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Normalized stress magnitude 3 2.5 2
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helps to explain why the oblique ap
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and ts = G·ds + H·dn (2) where tn
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plastic compaction, as suggested by
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To determine the sensitivity of pro
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segments will self-correct to provi
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6.3. Approaching tip interactions A
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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the hooking patterns commonly obser
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(a) (b) (c) σ1 compaction band max
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σ 3 σ 2 σ 1 Figure 4.24. Schemat
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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compaction band Figure 5.2. Typical
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3. Computational method The methodo
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compaction band A 5 mm A‘ compact
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4. Application to the Aztec sandsto
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Permeability (mD) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10
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B‘ A‘ A c f m c m c f c f c f c
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equivalent of the Aztec sandstone,
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effective permeability represents a
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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Commonly from ~1 mm to ~1.5 cm in t
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Although systematic arrays of DBs p
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to 2 m, with both sets in a cross-h
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y identical blocks all subject to t
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- Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) 0 meters 3 = 10-2 kb /k
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- Page 182 and 183: 100 meters 5 meters NV UT CA AZ Par
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- Page 188 and 189: (CBs) and the matrix rock in all si
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- Page 192 and 193: isotropic) can lead to numerical di
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- Page 202 and 203: 5.2.2. Discussion The elliptical pa
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- Page 210 and 211: Finally, there is the issue of fore
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- Page 214 and 215: Bakke, S., and Øren, P. E., 1997,
- Page 218 and 219: Eichhubl, P., Taylor, W. L., Pollar
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- Page 222 and 223: -, 1987, Fracture from a straight c
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