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Bakke, S., and Øren, P. E., 1997, 3-D pore-scale modeling of sandstones and flow simulations in the pore networks: Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, v. 2, p. 136-149. Baud, P., Klein, E., and Wong, T.-f., 2004, Compaction localization in porous sandstones: Spatial evolution of damage and acoustic emission activity: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 26, p. 603-624. Baud, P., Zhu, W., and Wong, T.-f., 2000, Failure mode and weakening effect of water on sandstone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 16371-16390. Berryman, J. G., and Blair, S. C., 1987, Kozeny-Carman relations and image processing methods for estimating Darcy's constant: Journal of Applied Physics, v. 60, p. 1930-1938. Bésuelle, P., and Rudnicki, J. W., 2004, Localization: Shear bands and compactions bands, in Guéguen, Y., and Boutéca, M., eds., Mechanics of Fluid Saturated Rocks: International Geophysics Series: New York, Elsevier, p. 219-321. Bieniawski, Z. T., 1984, Rock Mechanics Design in Mining and Tunneling: Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, 272 p. Bilodeau, W. L., and Keith, S. B., 1986, Lower Jurassic Navajo-Aztec equivalent sandstones in southern Arizona and their paleogeographic significance: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 70, no. 6, p. 690-701. Blair, S. C., Berge, P. A., and Berryman, J. G., 1996, Using two-point correlation functions to characterize microgeometry and estimate permeabilities of sandstones and porous glass: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, no. B9, p. 20359-20376. Blakey, R. C., 1989, Triassic and Jurassic geology of the southern Colorado Plateau, in Jenny, J. P., and Reynolds, S. J., eds., Geologic evolution of Arizona: Tuscon, Arizona Geological Society, p. 369-396. Bohannon, R. G., 1977, Geologic map and sections of the Valley of Fire region, North Muddy Mountains, Clark County, Nevada: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies, Map MF-849, 1:25,000 scale, 2 sheets. -, 1983, Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic development of the Muddy, North Muddy, and northern Black Mountains, Clark County, Nevada: GSA Memoir, v. 157, p. 125- 148. -, 1983b, Geologic map, tectonic map and structure sections of the Muddy and northern Muddy Mountains, Clark County, Nevada: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-1406, 1:62,500 (2 sheets). 202
-, 1984, Non-marine sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age in the Lake Mead region, southeastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 122, 72 p. Bohannon, R. G., Grow, J. A., Miller, J. J., and Blank, R. H., 1993, Seismic stratigraphy and tectonic development of the Virgin River depression and associated basins, southeastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 501-520. Borja, R. I., and Aydin, A., 2004, Computational modeling of deformation bands in granular media, I: Geological and mathematical framework: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, v. 193, no. 26-29, p. 2667-2698. Bosl, W. J., Dvorkin, J., and Nur, A., 1998, A numerical study of pore structure and permeability using a Lattice-Boltzmann simulation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, p. 1475-1478. Bourgeat, A., 1984, Homogenized behavior of two-phase flows in naturally fractured reservoirs with uniform fracture distribution: Computational Methods in Applied Mechanical Engineering, v. 47, p. 273-286. Broberg, K. B., 1987, On crack paths: Engineering Fracture Mechanics, v. 28, no. 5/6, p. 663-679. Brock, W. G., and Engleder, T., 1979, Deformation associated with the movement of the Muddy Mountain overthrust in the Buffington window, southeastern Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 1667-1677. Burchfiel, B. C., Cowan, D. S., and Davis, G. A., 1992, Tectonic overview of the Cordilleran orogen in the western Unite States, in Burchfiel, B. C., Lipman, P. W., and Zoback, M. D., eds., The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S.: Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America, p. 407-479. Burhannudinnur, M., and Morley, C. K., 1997, Anatomy of growth fault zones in poorly lithified sandstones and shales: implications for reservoir studies and seismic interpretation: part 1, outcrop study: Petroleum Geoscience, v. 3, p. 211-224. Campagna, D. J., and Aydin, A., 1994, Basin genesis associated with strike-slip faulting in the Basin and Range, southeastern Nevada: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 327-341. Cancelliere, A., Chang, C., Foti, E., Rothman, D. H., and Suci, S., 1998, The permeability of a random medium: Comparison of simulation with theory: Physics of Fluids A, v. 2, p. 2085-2088. Cao, H., 2002, Development of techniques for general-purpose simulators [Ph.D. thesis thesis]: Stanford University, 184 p. 203
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STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, PROPAGATION MEC
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Abstract Low-porosity, low-permeabi
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delivered with fortitude, humor, su
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Chapter 3—Energy-release model of
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List of Illustrations Figure A. Cov
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Figure A. Cover photo that accompan
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likely present in subsurface sandst
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hooking-tip interactions—using th
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and sandstone, my co-authors—Moha
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the hard data from which accurate p
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Although the Aztec sandstone experi
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Waterpocket Fault 36 o 26‘ N 0 1
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Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quatern
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3.3. Deformation The Aztec also has
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There also are relatively high-angl
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(e) (f) (c) 500µm compaction band
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dihedral angle of 80° or more, and
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5. Compaction band orientations Ori
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n = 20 M n = 20 P n = 22 B n = 20 R
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were encountered, giving the dihedr
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Eichhubl et al., 2004) did not lend
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P (a) (c) S P S Figure 1.10. Stereo
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possible, and use these to better c
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1.5(ρgz) (b) WEST Willow Tank Uppe
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9. Acknowledgements My sincere than
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The term compaction band (CB) was c
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Pollard, 2002). The particular util
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Hue-based image analysis using MATL
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a direct genetic relationship (Hill
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Compaction band fin Depositional be
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suggests—that to first approximat
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Porosity Porosity 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
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pore-clogging clay—due presumably
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500 µm Figure 2.9. Electron backsc
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(a) (b) σ 3 σ 1 x 3 x 1 x 1 (c) u
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6. Elastic properties Despite a lon
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Comparison of the two approaches es
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term in (6a) and (6c) begins to dom
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MPa MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
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2002) and use a BEM approach (Crouc
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MPa 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 −5 10
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concentration of quartz plasticity
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conducted on well-cemented sandston
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~ 62 m compaction band trend 500µm
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Sternlof et al. (2005) have suggest
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2005). It consists of a long (infin
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⎡ ∆ ⎤ ⎧ p 1 ∆ ⎛ M ⎞
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which point the inelastic strain ha
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they can exert significant effects
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interact is inversely proportional
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.3. Typical
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Viewed individually, CB traces tend
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 4.7.
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1973; Mardon, 1988; Peck et al., 19
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undamaged host rock. That CBs canno
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0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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Normalized stress magnitude 3 2.5 2
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helps to explain why the oblique ap
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and ts = G·ds + H·dn (2) where tn
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plastic compaction, as suggested by
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To determine the sensitivity of pro
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segments will self-correct to provi
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6.3. Approaching tip interactions A
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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the hooking patterns commonly obser
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(a) (b) (c) σ1 compaction band max
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σ 3 σ 2 σ 1 Figure 4.24. Schemat
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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compaction band Figure 5.2. Typical
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3. Computational method The methodo
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compaction band A 5 mm A‘ compact
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4. Application to the Aztec sandsto
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Permeability (mD) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10
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B‘ A‘ A c f m c m c f c f c f c
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equivalent of the Aztec sandstone,
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effective permeability represents a
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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Commonly from ~1 mm to ~1.5 cm in t
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Although systematic arrays of DBs p
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to 2 m, with both sets in a cross-h
Page 164 and 165: y identical blocks all subject to t
Page 166 and 167: contiguous areas. This type of char
Page 168 and 169: (0,b) n 3 (0,0) f 2 n 2 n 1 (a,0) (
Page 170 and 171: 6.1. Parallel Effective permeabilit
Page 172 and 173: By contrast, band-parallel effectiv
Page 174 and 175: Relative Effective Permeability 1.0
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) 0 meters 3 = 10-2 kb /k
Page 178 and 179: Though grossly systematic, anastomo
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Page 182 and 183: 100 meters 5 meters NV UT CA AZ Par
Page 184 and 185: compaction band trend 500µm Figure
Page 186 and 187: Cover Outcrop Band N 100 meters 20
Page 188 and 189: (CBs) and the matrix rock in all si
Page 190 and 191: The finite volume discretization fo
Page 192 and 193: isotropic) can lead to numerical di
Page 194 and 195: 5. Simulations Three sets of 2-D si
Page 196 and 197: Normalized ∆P ∆P ratio (n/p) 4.
Page 198 and 199: P P P P I I P P Case 1 P P Case 2 I
Page 200 and 201: Case 1 Case 1 Case 1 (a) (b) (c) In
Page 202 and 203: 5.2.2. Discussion The elliptical pa
Page 204 and 205: 5.3.1. Results With the regional gr
Page 206 and 207: (a) (b) Leak 200 meters Regional gr
Page 208 and 209: anticipated sustainable pumping rat
Page 210 and 211: Finally, there is the issue of fore
Page 212 and 213: 200
Page 216 and 217: Carpenter, D. G., and Carpenter, J.
Page 218 and 219: Eichhubl, P., Taylor, W. L., Pollar
Page 220 and 221: Karimi-Fard, M., Durlofsky, L. J.,
Page 222 and 223: -, 1987, Fracture from a straight c
Page 224 and 225: Shipton, Z. K., and Cowie, P. A., 2
Page 226: Wong, T. F., David, C., and Zhu, W.
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