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$Drilling-induced tensile wall-fractures - Stanford University$

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References Adler, P. M., Jacquin, C. G., and Quiblier, J. A., 1990, Flow in simulated porous media: International Journal of Multiphase Flow, v. 16, p. 691-712. Ahlgren, S. G., 2001, Exploring the formation, microtexture and petrophysical properties of deformation bands in porous sandstone: AAPG Bulletin, v. 85, no. 11, p. 2046. Amadei, B., and Stephansson, O., 1997, Rock Stress and its Measurement: London, Chapman & Hall, 490 p. Anderson, E. M., 1951, The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation with Application to Britain: Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd Ltd., 206 p. Antonellini, M., and Aydin, A., 1995, Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous sandstones: geometry and spatial distribution: AAPG Bulletin, v. 79, no. 5, p. 642-671. Antonellini, M. A., and Aydin, A., 1994, Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous sandstones: petrophysical properties: AAPG Bulletin, v. 78, no. 3, p. 355-377. Antonellini, M. A., Aydin, A., and Pollard, D. D., 1994a, Microstructure of deformation bands in porous sandstones at Arches National Park, Grand County, Utah: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 16, p. 941-959. Antonellini, M. A., Aydin, A., Pollard, D. D., and D'Onfro, P., 1994b, Petrophysical study of faults in sandstone using petrographic image analysis and x-ray computerized tomography: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 143, p. 181-201. Antonellini, M. A., and Pollard, D. D., 1995, Distinct element modeling of deformation bands in sandstone: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 17, no. 8, p. 1165-1182. Armstrong, R. L., 1968, Sevier orogenic belt in Nevada and Utah: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 79, p. 429-458. Aydin, A., 1978, Small faults formed as deformation bands in sandstone: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 116, p. 913-930. Aydin, A., and Johnson, A. M., 1978, Development of faults as zones of deformation bands and as slip surfaces in sandstone: Pure & Applied Geophysics, v. 116, p. 931-942. -, 1983, Analysis of faulting in porous sandstones: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 5, p. 19-31. Aydin, A., and Reches, Z., 1982, Number and orientation of fault sets in the field and in experiments: Geology, v. 10, p. 107-112. 201
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STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, PROPAGATION MEC
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Abstract Low-porosity, low-permeabi
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delivered with fortitude, humor, su
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Chapter 3—Energy-release model of
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List of Illustrations Figure A. Cov
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Figure A. Cover photo that accompan
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likely present in subsurface sandst
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hooking-tip interactions—using th
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and sandstone, my co-authors—Moha
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the hard data from which accurate p
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Although the Aztec sandstone experi
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Waterpocket Fault 36 o 26‘ N 0 1
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Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quatern
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3.3. Deformation The Aztec also has
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There also are relatively high-angl
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(e) (f) (c) 500µm compaction band
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dihedral angle of 80° or more, and
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5. Compaction band orientations Ori
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n = 20 M n = 20 P n = 22 B n = 20 R
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were encountered, giving the dihedr
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Eichhubl et al., 2004) did not lend
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P (a) (c) S P S Figure 1.10. Stereo
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possible, and use these to better c
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1.5(ρgz) (b) WEST Willow Tank Uppe
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9. Acknowledgements My sincere than
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The term compaction band (CB) was c
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Pollard, 2002). The particular util
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Hue-based image analysis using MATL
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a direct genetic relationship (Hill
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Compaction band fin Depositional be
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suggests—that to first approximat
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Porosity Porosity 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
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pore-clogging clay—due presumably
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500 µm Figure 2.9. Electron backsc
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(a) (b) σ 3 σ 1 x 3 x 1 x 1 (c) u
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6. Elastic properties Despite a lon
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Comparison of the two approaches es
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term in (6a) and (6c) begins to dom
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MPa MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
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2002) and use a BEM approach (Crouc
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MPa 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 −5 10
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concentration of quartz plasticity
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conducted on well-cemented sandston
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~ 62 m compaction band trend 500µm
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Sternlof et al. (2005) have suggest
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2005). It consists of a long (infin
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⎡ ∆ ⎤ ⎧ p 1 ∆ ⎛ M ⎞
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which point the inelastic strain ha
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they can exert significant effects
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interact is inversely proportional
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.3. Typical
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Viewed individually, CB traces tend
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 4.7.
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1973; Mardon, 1988; Peck et al., 19
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undamaged host rock. That CBs canno
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0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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Normalized stress magnitude 3 2.5 2
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helps to explain why the oblique ap
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and ts = G·ds + H·dn (2) where tn
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plastic compaction, as suggested by
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To determine the sensitivity of pro
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segments will self-correct to provi
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6.3. Approaching tip interactions A
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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the hooking patterns commonly obser
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(a) (b) (c) σ1 compaction band max
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σ 3 σ 2 σ 1 Figure 4.24. Schemat
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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compaction band Figure 5.2. Typical
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3. Computational method The methodo
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compaction band A 5 mm A‘ compact
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4. Application to the Aztec sandsto
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Permeability (mD) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10
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B‘ A‘ A c f m c m c f c f c f c
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equivalent of the Aztec sandstone,
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effective permeability represents a
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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Commonly from ~1 mm to ~1.5 cm in t
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Although systematic arrays of DBs p
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Page 164 and 165: y identical blocks all subject to t
Page 166 and 167: contiguous areas. This type of char
Page 168 and 169: (0,b) n 3 (0,0) f 2 n 2 n 1 (a,0) (
Page 170 and 171: 6.1. Parallel Effective permeabilit
Page 172 and 173: By contrast, band-parallel effectiv
Page 174 and 175: Relative Effective Permeability 1.0
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) 0 meters 3 = 10-2 kb /k
Page 178 and 179: Though grossly systematic, anastomo
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Page 182 and 183: 100 meters 5 meters NV UT CA AZ Par
Page 184 and 185: compaction band trend 500µm Figure
Page 186 and 187: Cover Outcrop Band N 100 meters 20
Page 188 and 189: (CBs) and the matrix rock in all si
Page 190 and 191: The finite volume discretization fo
Page 192 and 193: isotropic) can lead to numerical di
Page 194 and 195: 5. Simulations Three sets of 2-D si
Page 196 and 197: Normalized ∆P ∆P ratio (n/p) 4.
Page 198 and 199: P P P P I I P P Case 1 P P Case 2 I
Page 200 and 201: Case 1 Case 1 Case 1 (a) (b) (c) In
Page 202 and 203: 5.2.2. Discussion The elliptical pa
Page 204 and 205: 5.3.1. Results With the regional gr
Page 206 and 207: (a) (b) Leak 200 meters Regional gr
Page 208 and 209: anticipated sustainable pumping rat
Page 210 and 211: Finally, there is the issue of fore
Page 214 and 215: Bakke, S., and Øren, P. E., 1997,
Page 216 and 217: Carpenter, D. G., and Carpenter, J.
Page 218 and 219: Eichhubl, P., Taylor, W. L., Pollar
Page 220 and 221: Karimi-Fard, M., Durlofsky, L. J.,
Page 222 and 223: -, 1987, Fracture from a straight c
Page 224 and 225: Shipton, Z. K., and Cowie, P. A., 2
Page 226: Wong, T. F., David, C., and Zhu, W.
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