Laboratory Exercises, C++ Programming

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10 The GNU Compiler Collection and C++ 5 Final Remarks If a source file includes a header that is not in the current directory, the path to the directory containing the header can be given to the compiler using the -I option (similar to -L): g++ -c -Ipath file.cc To make GCC print all it is doing during compilation (what commands it is calling and a lot of other information), the option -v (for verbose) can be added to the command line.
Tools for Practical C++ Development 11 2 Tools for Practical C++ Development Objective: to introduce a set of tools which are often used to facilitate C++ development in a Unix environment. The make tool (GNU Make) is used for compilation and linking, gdb (the GNU debugger) for controlled execution and testing, valgrind (not GNU) for finding memory-related errors. Read: • GNU Make, http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/ • GDB User Manual, http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/ • valgrind Quick Start, http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/QuickStart.html • Manpages for the tools used in the lab. The manuals have introductory tutorials that are recommended as starting points. The manuals are very well written and you should consult them if you want to learn more than what is treated during the lab. 1 GNU Make 1.1 Introduction As you saw in lab 1, make is a good tool — it sees to it that only files that have been modified are compiled (and files that depend on modified files). To do this, it compares the modification times 5 of source files and object files. We will use the GNU version of make. There are other make programs, which are almost but not wholly compatible to GNU make. In a Linux or Darwin system, the command make usually refers to GNU make. You can check what variant you have with the command make --version. It should give output like the following: make --version GNU Make 3.81 Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. ... If make turns out to be something else than GNU make, try the command gmake instead of make; this should refer to GNU make. Make uses a description of the source project in order to figure out how to generate executables. The description is written in a file, usually called Makefile. When make is executed, it reads the makefile and executes the compilation and linking (and maybe other) commands that are necessary to build the project. The most important construct in a makefile is a rule. A rule specifies how a file (the target), which is to be generated, depends on other files (the prerequisites). For instance, the following rule specifies that the file ltest.o depends on the files ltest.cc and ltest.h: 5 In a network environment with a distributed file system, there may occur problems with unsynchronized clocks between a client and the file server. Make will report errors like: make: ***Warning: File "foo" has modification time in the future. make: warning: Clock skew detected. Your build may be incomplete. Unfortunately, there is not much you can do about this problem, if you don’t have root privileges on the computer. Inform the system administrators about the problem and switch to another computer if possible. If no other computer is available, temporarily work on a local file system where you have write access, such as /tmp.
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Laboratory Exercises, C++ Programming

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