Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Renewable Fuel Standard ...

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EIA projection, and that the cellulosic ethanol production volume would be 0.25 billion gallons based on the Energy Act's requirement that 250 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol be produced starting in the next year, 2013. The remaining renewable fuel volumes in each scenario would be ethanol made from corn. The total volumes for all three scenarios are shown in Table IX.B.1-1. For the purposes of calculating the R values, we assumed the ethanol volumes are 5% denatured, and the volumes were converted to total Btu using the appropriate volumetric energy content values (76,000 Btu/gal for ethanol, and 118,000 Btu/gal for biodiesel). Table IX.B.1-1 Volume scenarios in 2012 (billion gallons) Reference RFS Required Volume: Projected Volume: Case 7.5 B gal 9.9 B gal Corn-ethanol 3.9 6.95 9.35 Cellulosic ethanol 0.0 0.25 0.25 Biodiesel 0.028 0.3 0.3 Total volume 3.928 7.5 9.9 Since the impacts of increased renewable fuel use were measured relative to the 2012 reference case, the value of R actually represented the incremental amount of renewable fuel between the reference case and each of the two other scenarios. 2. Lifecycle Impacts Of Conventional Fuel Use (LC) In order to determine the lifecycle impact that increased renewable fuel volumes may have on any particular endpoint (fossil fuel consumption or emissions of GHGs), we also needed to know the conventional fuel inventory on a lifecycle basis. Since available sources of GHG emissions are provided on a direct rather than a lifecycle basis, we converted these direct emission and energy estimates into their lifecycle counterparts. We used GREET to develop multiplicative factors for converting direct (vehicle-based) emissions of GHGs and energy use into full lifecycle factors. Table IX.B.2-1 shows the total lifecycle petroleum and GHG emissions associated with direct use of a Btu value of gasoline and diesel fuel. Table IX.B.2-1 Lifecycle Emissions and Energy (LC Values) Gasoline Diesel Petroleum (Btu/Btu) 1.11 1.10 Fossil fuel (Btu/Btu) 1.22 1.21 GHG (Tg-CO2-eq/QBtu) 99.4 94.5 CO2 (Tg-CO2/QBtu) 94.2 91.9 - 180 -
3. Displacement Indexes (DI) The displacement index (DI) represents the percent reduction in GHG emissions or fossil fuel energy brought about by the use of a renewable fuel in comparison to the conventional gasoline or diesel that the renewable fuel replaces. The formula for calculating the displacement index depends on which fuel is being displaced (i.e. gasoline or diesel), and which endpoint is of interest (e.g. petroleum energy, GHG). For instance, when investigating the CO2 impacts of ethanol used in gasoline, the displacement index is calculated as follows: DI CO2 = 1 - lifecycle CO2 emitted for ethanol in g/Btu lifecycle CO2 emitted for gasoline in g/Btu The units of g/Btu ensure that the comparison between the renewable fuel and the conventional fuel is made on a common basis, and that differences in the volumetric energy content of the fuels is taken into account. The denominator includes the CO2 emitted through combustion of the gasoline itself in addition to all the CO2 emitted during its manufacturer and distribution. The numerator, in contrast, includes only the CO2 emitted during the manufacturer and distribution of ethanol, not the CO2 emitted during combustion of the ethanol. The combustion of biomass-based fuels, such as ethanol from corn and woody crops, generates CO2. However, in the long run the CO2 emitted from biomass-based fuels combustion does not increase atmospheric CO2 concentrations, assuming the biogenic carbon emitted is offset by the uptake of CO2 resulting from the growth of new biomass. As a result, CO2 emissions from biomass-based fuels combustion are not included in their lifecycle emissions results and are not used in the CO2 displacement index calculations shown above. Using GREET, we calculated the lifecycle values for energy consumed and GHGs produced for corn-ethanol, cellulosic ethanol, and soybean-based biodiesel. These values were in turn used to calculate the displacement indexes. The results are shown in Table IX.B.3-1. Details of these calculations can be found in Chapter 6 of the RIA. As noted previously, different models can result in different estimates. For example, whereas GREET estimates a net GHG reduction of about 26% for corn ethanol compared to gasoline, the previously cited works by Farrell et al. estimates around a 13% reduction. - 181 -
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The Administrator signed the follow
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Ave., NW, Washington DC. This Docke
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Table of contents: I. Background A.
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C. Requirements for Producers and I
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G. Executive Order 13045: Protectio
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The increased use of renewable fuel
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establish the applicable national v
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Today's proposal outlines the full
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enewable fuel feedstock market pric
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Unlike VOC and NOx, emissions of CO
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These renewable feedstocks are then
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5. Potential Water Quality Impacts
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enewable fuel volume which each par
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certain volume of renewable fuel. E
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est practices would have the option
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As stated, the renewable fuel stand
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enewable fuel volumes in the calcul
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For illustrative purposes, we have
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These credit provisions have meanin
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Stdi = The RFS program standard for
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gasoline. The Act is unclear on whe
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. Ethanol Made From Any Feedstock I
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generate thermal energy used to pro
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animal wastes, including poultry fa
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limit this program solely to a stra
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presence of the denaturant. For ins
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First, doing so could create an inc
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For purposes of this preamble, the
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capability for all of the small ref
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trading program, without any per ga
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obligated parties. However, there i
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particular importance for 2013 and
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have to significantly change their
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The D code would identify cellulosi
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Another case in which a RIN may not
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Section IV. In the context of demon
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equired volumes shown in Table I.B-
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We request comment on the valid lif
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e used for current year compliance.
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equirements by roughly 10 to 30 per
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4. Provisions For Exporters Of Rene
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Previous-year RINs: RINs that came
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a. Responsibilities Of Renewable Fu
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another, in electronic or paper for
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e a one-to-one correspondence betwe
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Parent batch Actual volume (gal) Ba
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should also have the right to separ
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3. Distribution Of Separated RINs O
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obligated parties to exercise marke
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Our proposed program is designed to
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As discussed in Section III.D, it i
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additional enforcement burdens plac
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B. Requirements for Obligated Parti
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fuel and containing identifying inf
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We request comment on our proposed
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We also request comment on our prop
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The refiner or importer would be li
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Plant Feedstock Corn a Table VI.A.1
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Leading the Midwest in ethanol prod
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EPA forecasts ethanol production to
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As shown in Table VI.A.2-1 and Figu
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3. Current Ethanol and MTBE Consump
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Oxygenate Use (Bgal) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.
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change from the 2004 base case. 53
Page 129 and 130: per gallon to biodiesel produced fr
Page 131 and 132: ased on the assumption that the ble
Page 133 and 134: Modifications to the rail, barge, t
Page 135 and 136: other waste materials as discussed
Page 137 and 138: elatively small fraction of the tot
Page 139 and 140: production costs using prices for s
Page 141 and 142: the capital cost of making the nece
Page 143 and 144: information on biodiesel freight co
Page 145 and 146: For further details on RVP reductio
Page 147 and 148: assuming only that blending of etha
Page 149 and 150: costs). At a $70 per barrel crude o
Page 151 and 152: gasoline use scenarios will cost th
Page 153 and 154: the incentive to blend in ethanol b
Page 155 and 156: supporting this rulemaking. We hope
Page 157 and 158: We base our estimates of fuel quali
Page 159 and 160: Table VIII.A.1.b-2 Effect of MTBE a
Page 161 and 162: pre-1998 model year onroad diesel e
Page 163 and 164: 1. Primary Analysis The national em
Page 165 and 166: Table VIII.B.1-4 Annual Emissions N
Page 167 and 168: RFG due to the absence of an RVP wa
Page 169 and 170: increase in ambient ozone levels is
Page 171 and 172: developing a model of secondary org
Page 173 and 174: IX. Impacts On Fossil Fuel Consumpt
Page 175 and 176: intended to help fuel producers est
Page 177 and 178: efficiency and to reduce air emissi
Page 179: combined those displacement indexes
Page 183 and 184: Table IX.C.1-1 Fossil fuel impacts
Page 185 and 186: as on the exports of agricultural p
Page 187 and 188: which may change in response to an
Page 189 and 190: X. Agricultural Sector Economic Imp
Page 191 and 192: XI. Public Participation We request
Page 193 and 194: ways to comply with any previously
Page 195 and 196: small refiner under this proposal.
Page 197 and 198: meet these criteria to be considere
Page 199 and 200: “economically significant” as d
Page 201 and 202: 40 CFR Part 80 is proposed to be am
Page 203 and 204: (b) Renewable Fuel Standard for 200
Page 205 and 206: (2) The term “Renewable fuel” i
Page 207 and 208: RFStdi = Renewable Fuel Standard in
Page 209 and 210: a party’s renewable volume obliga
Page 211 and 212: (a) YYYY is the calendar year in wh
Page 213 and 214: (ii) The value for EEEEEE in an ext
Page 215 and 216: (2) A deficit is calculated accordi
Page 217 and 218: (a) (1) Any party that exports any
Page 219 and 220: (e) If a refiner is complying on an
Page 221 and 222: calendar year; however, disqualific
Page 223 and 224: §80.76, if such information has no
Page 225 and 226: (1) A summary report of the annual
Page 227 and 228: (4) Reports shall be submitted on f
Page 229 and 230: (1) Fail to acquire sufficient RINs
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(b) The following attest procedures
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(B) That the RFS-FRGAS remained seg
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EPA employees or EPA contractors, f
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(iv) Determine the date and time th
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(ii) Be licensed as a Certified Pub
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