Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Renewable Fuel Standard ...

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change gasoline sulfur levels, so emissions of sulfur dioxide and any resultant ambient concentrations of sulfate PM are not expected to change. Increased ethanol use is expected to increase NOx emissions, as described above. Thus, the possibility exists that ambient nitrate PM levels could increase. Increased ethanol is generally expected to increase VOC emissions, which could also impact the formation of secondary organic PM. However, some VOC emissions, namely exhaust VOC emissions, are expected to decrease, while non-exhaust VOC emissions are expected to increase and the impact on PM is a function of the type of VOC emissions. The formation of secondary organic PM is very complex, due in part to the wide variety of VOCs emitted into the atmosphere. Whether or not a specific gaseous VOC reacts to form PM in the atmosphere depends on the types of reactions that VOC undergoes, which in turn can depend on other pollutants present, such as ozone, NOx and other reactive compounds. The relative mass of secondary PM formed per mass of gaseous VOC emitted can also depend on the concentration of the gaseous VOC and the organic PM in the atmosphere. Most of the secondary organic PM exists in a continually changing equilibrium between the gaseous and PM phases. Both the rates of these reactions and the gaseous-PM equilibria depend on temperature, so seasonal differences can be expected. Recent smog chamber studies have indicated that gaseous aromatic VOCs can form secondary PM under certain conditions. These compounds comprise a greater fraction of exhaust VOC emissions than non-exhaust VOC emissions, as non-exhaust VOC emissions are dominated by VOCs with relatively high vapor pressures. Aromatic VOCs tend to have lower vapor pressures. As increased ethanol use is expected to reduce exhaust VOC emissions, emissions of aromatic VOCs should also decrease. In addition, refiners are expected to reduce the aromatic content of gasoline by 5 volume percentage points as ethanol is blended into gasoline. Emissions of aromatic VOCs should decrease with lower concentrations of aromatics in gasoline. Thus, emissions of gaseous aromatic VOCs could decrease for both reasons. Overall, we expect that the decrease in secondary organic PM is likely to exceed the increase in secondary nitrate PM. In 1999, NOx emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles and equipment comprised about 20% of national NOx emissions from all sources. In contrast, gasoline-fueled vehicles and equipment comprised over 60% of all national gaseous aromatic VOC emissions. The percentage increase in national NOx emissions due to increased ethanol use should be smaller than the percentage decrease in national emissions of gaseous aromatics. Finally, in most urban areas, ambient levels of secondary organic PM exceed those of secondary nitrate PM. Thus, directionally, we expect a net reduction in ambient PM levels due to increased ethanol use. However, we are unable to quantify this reduction at this time. EPA currently utilizes the CMAQ model to predict ambient levels of PM as a function of gaseous and PM emissions. This model includes mechanisms to predict the formation of nitrate PM from NOx emissions. However, it does not currently include any mechanisms addressing the formation of secondary organic PM. EPA is currently - 170 -
developing a model of secondary organic PM from gaseous toluene emissions. We plan to incorporate this mechanism into the CMAQ model in 2007. The impact of other aromatic compounds will be added as further research clarifies their role in secondary organic PM formation. Therefore, we expect to be able to quantitatively estimate the impact of decreased toluene emissions and increased NOx emissions due to increased ethanol use as part of future analyses of U.S. fuel requirements required by the Act. - 171 -
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The Administrator signed the follow
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Ave., NW, Washington DC. This Docke
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Table of contents: I. Background A.
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C. Requirements for Producers and I
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G. Executive Order 13045: Protectio
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The increased use of renewable fuel
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establish the applicable national v
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Today's proposal outlines the full
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enewable fuel feedstock market pric
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Unlike VOC and NOx, emissions of CO
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These renewable feedstocks are then
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5. Potential Water Quality Impacts
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enewable fuel volume which each par
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certain volume of renewable fuel. E
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est practices would have the option
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As stated, the renewable fuel stand
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enewable fuel volumes in the calcul
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For illustrative purposes, we have
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These credit provisions have meanin
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Stdi = The RFS program standard for
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gasoline. The Act is unclear on whe
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. Ethanol Made From Any Feedstock I
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generate thermal energy used to pro
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animal wastes, including poultry fa
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limit this program solely to a stra
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presence of the denaturant. For ins
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First, doing so could create an inc
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For purposes of this preamble, the
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capability for all of the small ref
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trading program, without any per ga
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obligated parties. However, there i
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particular importance for 2013 and
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have to significantly change their
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The D code would identify cellulosi
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Another case in which a RIN may not
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Section IV. In the context of demon
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equired volumes shown in Table I.B-
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We request comment on the valid lif
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e used for current year compliance.
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equirements by roughly 10 to 30 per
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4. Provisions For Exporters Of Rene
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Previous-year RINs: RINs that came
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a. Responsibilities Of Renewable Fu
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another, in electronic or paper for
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e a one-to-one correspondence betwe
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Parent batch Actual volume (gal) Ba
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should also have the right to separ
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3. Distribution Of Separated RINs O
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obligated parties to exercise marke
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Our proposed program is designed to
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As discussed in Section III.D, it i
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additional enforcement burdens plac
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B. Requirements for Obligated Parti
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fuel and containing identifying inf
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We request comment on our proposed
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We also request comment on our prop
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The refiner or importer would be li
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Plant Feedstock Corn a Table VI.A.1
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Leading the Midwest in ethanol prod
Page 119 and 120: EPA forecasts ethanol production to
Page 121 and 122: As shown in Table VI.A.2-1 and Figu
Page 123 and 124: 3. Current Ethanol and MTBE Consump
Page 125 and 126: Oxygenate Use (Bgal) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.
Page 127 and 128: change from the 2004 base case. 53
Page 129 and 130: per gallon to biodiesel produced fr
Page 131 and 132: ased on the assumption that the ble
Page 133 and 134: Modifications to the rail, barge, t
Page 135 and 136: other waste materials as discussed
Page 137 and 138: elatively small fraction of the tot
Page 139 and 140: production costs using prices for s
Page 141 and 142: the capital cost of making the nece
Page 143 and 144: information on biodiesel freight co
Page 145 and 146: For further details on RVP reductio
Page 147 and 148: assuming only that blending of etha
Page 149 and 150: costs). At a $70 per barrel crude o
Page 151 and 152: gasoline use scenarios will cost th
Page 153 and 154: the incentive to blend in ethanol b
Page 155 and 156: supporting this rulemaking. We hope
Page 157 and 158: We base our estimates of fuel quali
Page 159 and 160: Table VIII.A.1.b-2 Effect of MTBE a
Page 161 and 162: pre-1998 model year onroad diesel e
Page 163 and 164: 1. Primary Analysis The national em
Page 165 and 166: Table VIII.B.1-4 Annual Emissions N
Page 167 and 168: RFG due to the absence of an RVP wa
Page 169: increase in ambient ozone levels is
Page 173 and 174: IX. Impacts On Fossil Fuel Consumpt
Page 175 and 176: intended to help fuel producers est
Page 177 and 178: efficiency and to reduce air emissi
Page 179 and 180: combined those displacement indexes
Page 181 and 182: 3. Displacement Indexes (DI) The di
Page 183 and 184: Table IX.C.1-1 Fossil fuel impacts
Page 185 and 186: as on the exports of agricultural p
Page 187 and 188: which may change in response to an
Page 189 and 190: X. Agricultural Sector Economic Imp
Page 191 and 192: XI. Public Participation We request
Page 193 and 194: ways to comply with any previously
Page 195 and 196: small refiner under this proposal.
Page 197 and 198: meet these criteria to be considere
Page 199 and 200: “economically significant” as d
Page 201 and 202: 40 CFR Part 80 is proposed to be am
Page 203 and 204: (b) Renewable Fuel Standard for 200
Page 205 and 206: (2) The term “Renewable fuel” i
Page 207 and 208: RFStdi = Renewable Fuel Standard in
Page 209 and 210: a party’s renewable volume obliga
Page 211 and 212: (a) YYYY is the calendar year in wh
Page 213 and 214: (ii) The value for EEEEEE in an ext
Page 215 and 216: (2) A deficit is calculated accordi
Page 217 and 218: (a) (1) Any party that exports any
Page 219 and 220: (e) If a refiner is complying on an
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calendar year; however, disqualific
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§80.76, if such information has no
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(1) A summary report of the annual
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(4) Reports shall be submitted on f
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(1) Fail to acquire sufficient RINs
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(b) The following attest procedures
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(B) That the RFS-FRGAS remained seg
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EPA employees or EPA contractors, f
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(iv) Determine the date and time th
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(ii) Be licensed as a Certified Pub
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