Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Renewable Fuel Standard ...

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content. Table VIII.A.1.c-1 shows the effect of adding 11 volume percent MTBE or 10 volume percent ethanol to non-oxygenated gasoline on these emissions. Base Fuel Table VIII.A.1.c-1 Effect MTBE and Ethanol on Nonroad Exhaust Emissions 4-Stroke Engines 2-Stroke Engines 11 Volume Percent MTBE 10 Volume Percent Ethanol 11 Volume Percent MTBE 10 Volume Percent Ethanol Exhaust VOC -9% -15% -1% -1% Non-Exhaust VOC 0% 26% 0% 26% CO -13% -21% -8% -12% NOx +24% +37% +12% +18% As can be seen, higher oxygen content reduces exhaust VOC and CO emissions significantly, but also increases NOx emissions. However, NOx emissions from these engines tend to be fairly low to start with, given the fact that these engines run much richer than stoichiometric. Thus, a large percentage increase of a relative low base value can be a relatively small increase in absolute terms. Evaporative emissions from nonroad equipment are impacted by only RVP, and permeation by ethanol content. Both the RVP increase due to blending of ethanol and its permeation effect cause non-exhaust VOC emissions to increase with the use of ethanol in nonroad equipment. The 26 percent effect represents the average impact across the U.S. in July for both 2-stroke and 4-stroke equipment. We updated the NONROAD2005 hose permeation emission factors for small spark-ignition engines and recreational marine watercraft to reflect the use of ethanol. For nonroad toxics emissions, we base our estimates of the impact of fuel quality on the fraction of exhaust VOC emissions represented by each toxic on MOBILE6.2 (i.e., the same effects predicted for onroad vehicles). The National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) contains estimates of the fraction of VOC emissions represented by the various air toxics based on oxygenate type (none, MTBE or ethanol). However, estimates for nonroad gasoline engines running on different fuel types are limited, making it difficult to accurately model the impacts of changes in fuel quality. In the recent NPRM addressing mobile air toxic emissions, EPA replaced the toxic-related fuel effects contained in NMIM with those from MOBILE6.2 for onroad vehicles. 85 We follow the same methodology here. Future testing could significantly alter these emission impact estimates. 2. Diesel Fuel Quality: Biodiesel EPA assessed the impact of biodiesel fuel on emissions in 2002 and published a draft report summarizing the results. 86 At that time, most of the data available was for 85 71, Federal Register, 15804, March 29, 2006. 86 “A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions,” Draft Technical Report, U.S. - 160 -
pre-1998 model year onroad diesel engines. The results are summarized in Table VIII.A.2-1. As shown, it indicated that biodiesel tended to reduce emissions of VOC, CO and PM. The NOx emission effect was more variable, showing a very small increase on average. Table VIII.A.2-1 Effect of 20 Vo% Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Emissions (%) Pollutant 2002 Draft Recent Test Results EPA Study Engine Testing Vehicle Testing VOC -21% -12% (-35% to +14%) +10% (-33% to +113%) CO -11% -14% (-28% to +1%) +4% (-11% to +44%) NOx +2% +1% (-3% to +6%) +2% (-1% to +9%) PM -10% -20% (-31%+6%) -3% (-57% to +40%) We collected relevant engine and vehicle emission test data developed since the time of the 2002 study. The results of our analysis of this data are also shown in Table VIII.A.2-1. There, we show the average change in the emissions of each pollutant across all the engines or vehicles tested, as well as the range of effects found for each engine or vehicle. As can be seen, the variability in the emission effects is quite large, but the results of the more recent testing generally corroborate the findings of the 2002 study. Refer to DRIA Tables 3.1-15 and 3.1-16, and their corresponding discussion, for more detail on the data in the above table. Overall, data indicating the effect of biodiesel on emissions is still quite limited. The emission effects also appear to be dependent on the load and speed of the engine (or driving cycle and vehicle type in the case of vehicle testing). However, the data are too limited to determine the specific way in which this occurs. Also, with the implementation of stringent NOx and PM emission standards to onroad and nonroad diesels in the 2007-2010 timeframe, any effect on a percentage basis will rapidly decrease in magnitude on a mass basis as base emission inventory level decreases. As additional testing is performed over the next several years we will update this assessment. 3. Renewable Fuel Production and Distribution The primary impact of renewable fuel production and distribution regards ethanol, since it is expected to be the predominant renewable fuel used in the foreseeable future. We approximate the impact of increased ethanol and biodiesel production, including corn and soy farming, on emissions based on DOE’s GREET model, version 1.6. We also include emissions related to distributing the renewable fuels and take credit for reduced emissions related to distributing displaced gasoline and diesel fuel. These emissions are summarized in Table VIII.A.3-1. EPA, EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/biodsl.htm - 161 -
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The Administrator signed the follow
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Ave., NW, Washington DC. This Docke
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Table of contents: I. Background A.
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C. Requirements for Producers and I
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G. Executive Order 13045: Protectio
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The increased use of renewable fuel
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establish the applicable national v
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Today's proposal outlines the full
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enewable fuel feedstock market pric
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Unlike VOC and NOx, emissions of CO
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These renewable feedstocks are then
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5. Potential Water Quality Impacts
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enewable fuel volume which each par
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certain volume of renewable fuel. E
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est practices would have the option
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As stated, the renewable fuel stand
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enewable fuel volumes in the calcul
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For illustrative purposes, we have
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These credit provisions have meanin
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Stdi = The RFS program standard for
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gasoline. The Act is unclear on whe
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. Ethanol Made From Any Feedstock I
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generate thermal energy used to pro
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animal wastes, including poultry fa
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limit this program solely to a stra
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presence of the denaturant. For ins
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First, doing so could create an inc
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For purposes of this preamble, the
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capability for all of the small ref
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trading program, without any per ga
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obligated parties. However, there i
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particular importance for 2013 and
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have to significantly change their
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The D code would identify cellulosi
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Another case in which a RIN may not
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Section IV. In the context of demon
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equired volumes shown in Table I.B-
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We request comment on the valid lif
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e used for current year compliance.
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equirements by roughly 10 to 30 per
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4. Provisions For Exporters Of Rene
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Previous-year RINs: RINs that came
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a. Responsibilities Of Renewable Fu
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another, in electronic or paper for
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e a one-to-one correspondence betwe
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Parent batch Actual volume (gal) Ba
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should also have the right to separ
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3. Distribution Of Separated RINs O
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obligated parties to exercise marke
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Our proposed program is designed to
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As discussed in Section III.D, it i
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additional enforcement burdens plac
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B. Requirements for Obligated Parti
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fuel and containing identifying inf
Page 109 and 110: We request comment on our proposed
Page 111 and 112: We also request comment on our prop
Page 113 and 114: The refiner or importer would be li
Page 115 and 116: Plant Feedstock Corn a Table VI.A.1
Page 117 and 118: Leading the Midwest in ethanol prod
Page 119 and 120: EPA forecasts ethanol production to
Page 121 and 122: As shown in Table VI.A.2-1 and Figu
Page 123 and 124: 3. Current Ethanol and MTBE Consump
Page 125 and 126: Oxygenate Use (Bgal) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.
Page 127 and 128: change from the 2004 base case. 53
Page 129 and 130: per gallon to biodiesel produced fr
Page 131 and 132: ased on the assumption that the ble
Page 133 and 134: Modifications to the rail, barge, t
Page 135 and 136: other waste materials as discussed
Page 137 and 138: elatively small fraction of the tot
Page 139 and 140: production costs using prices for s
Page 141 and 142: the capital cost of making the nece
Page 143 and 144: information on biodiesel freight co
Page 145 and 146: For further details on RVP reductio
Page 147 and 148: assuming only that blending of etha
Page 149 and 150: costs). At a $70 per barrel crude o
Page 151 and 152: gasoline use scenarios will cost th
Page 153 and 154: the incentive to blend in ethanol b
Page 155 and 156: supporting this rulemaking. We hope
Page 157 and 158: We base our estimates of fuel quali
Page 159: Table VIII.A.1.b-2 Effect of MTBE a
Page 163 and 164: 1. Primary Analysis The national em
Page 165 and 166: Table VIII.B.1-4 Annual Emissions N
Page 167 and 168: RFG due to the absence of an RVP wa
Page 169 and 170: increase in ambient ozone levels is
Page 171 and 172: developing a model of secondary org
Page 173 and 174: IX. Impacts On Fossil Fuel Consumpt
Page 175 and 176: intended to help fuel producers est
Page 177 and 178: efficiency and to reduce air emissi
Page 179 and 180: combined those displacement indexes
Page 181 and 182: 3. Displacement Indexes (DI) The di
Page 183 and 184: Table IX.C.1-1 Fossil fuel impacts
Page 185 and 186: as on the exports of agricultural p
Page 187 and 188: which may change in response to an
Page 189 and 190: X. Agricultural Sector Economic Imp
Page 191 and 192: XI. Public Participation We request
Page 193 and 194: ways to comply with any previously
Page 195 and 196: small refiner under this proposal.
Page 197 and 198: meet these criteria to be considere
Page 199 and 200: “economically significant” as d
Page 201 and 202: 40 CFR Part 80 is proposed to be am
Page 203 and 204: (b) Renewable Fuel Standard for 200
Page 205 and 206: (2) The term “Renewable fuel” i
Page 207 and 208: RFStdi = Renewable Fuel Standard in
Page 209 and 210: a party’s renewable volume obliga
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(a) YYYY is the calendar year in wh
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(ii) The value for EEEEEE in an ext
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(2) A deficit is calculated accordi
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(a) (1) Any party that exports any
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(e) If a refiner is complying on an
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calendar year; however, disqualific
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§80.76, if such information has no
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(1) A summary report of the annual
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(4) Reports shall be submitted on f
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(1) Fail to acquire sufficient RINs
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(b) The following attest procedures
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(B) That the RFS-FRGAS remained seg
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EPA employees or EPA contractors, f
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(iv) Determine the date and time th
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(ii) Be licensed as a Certified Pub
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