Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Renewable Fuel Standard ...

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Table VIII.A.1.b-1 Effect of RFG on Per Mile Emissions from Tier 0 Vehicles Relative to a Typical 9psi RVP Conventional Gasoline a Pollutant Source Non-Oxy RFG 11 Volume Percent MTBE 10 Volume Percent Ethanol VOC EPA Predictive Exhaust Emissions -7.7% -11.1% -12.9% NOx Models -1.7% 2.4% 6.3% CO MOBILE6.2 -24% -28% -32% Exhaust EPA Predictive -18% -30% -35% Benzene and Complex Formaldehyde Models 7% 11% 2% Acetaldehyde 7% -8% 143% 1,3-Butadiene 22% 2% -7% Non-Exhaust Emissions VOC MOBILE6.2 & CRC E-65 -30% -30% -18% Benzene MOBILE6.2 & Complex Models -5% -15% -7% a Average per vehicle effects for the 2012 fleet during summer conditions As can be seen, the oxygenated RFG blends are predicted to produce a greater reduction in exhaust VOC and CO emissions than 9 RVP conventional gasoline, but a larger increase in NOx emissions. This comparison assumes that all gasoline meets EPA’s Tier 2 gasoline sulfur standard of 30 ppm. Prior to this program, RFG contained less sulfur than conventional gasoline and produced less NOx emissions. Non-exhaust VOC emissions with the exception of permeation are roughly the same due to the fact that the RVP level of the three blends is the same. However, the increased permeation emissions associated with ethanol reduces the overall effectiveness of ethanol RFG. An increase in ethanol use will also impact emissions of air toxics. We evaluated effects on four air toxics affected by fuel parameter changes in the Complex Model – benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and 1,3-butadiene. The most notable effect on toxic emissions in percentage terms is the increase in acetaldehyde with the use of ethanol. Acetaldehyde emissions more than double. However, as will be seen below, base acetaldehyde emissions are low relative to the other toxics. Thus, the absolute increase in total emissions of these four air toxics is still relatively low. Table VIII.A.1.b-2 presents the effect of blending either MTBE or ethanol into conventional gasoline while matching octane. - 158 -
Table VIII.A.1.b-2 Effect of MTBE and Ethanol in Conventional Gasoline on Tier 0 Vehicle Emissions Relative to a Typical Non-Oxygenated Conventional Gasoline a Pollutant Source 11 Volume 10 Volume Percent MTBE Percent Ethanol b Exhaust VOC EPA Predictive Models -9.2% -7.4% NOx 2.6% 7.7% CO c MOBILE6.2 -6% / -11% -11% / -19% Exhaust Benzene EPA Predictive and -22% -27% Formaldehyde Complex Models +10% +3% Acetaldehyde -8% +141% 1,3-Butadiene -12% -27% Non-Exhaust VOC MOBILE6.2 Zero +17% Non-Exhaust Benzene MOBILE6.2 & Complex Models -10% +13% a Average per vehicle effects for the 2012 fleet during summer conditions b Assumes a 1.0 psi RVP waiver for ethanol blends c The first figure shown applies to normal emitters; the second applies to high emitters As was the case with the RFG blends, the two oxygenated blends both reduce exhaust VOC and CO emissions, but increase NOx emissions. The MTBE blend does not increase non-exhaust VOC emissions, but the ethanol blend does due to the commonly granted waiver of the RVP standard. Both blends have lower exhaust benzene and 1,3-butadiene emissions. As above, ethanol increases non-exhaust benzene and acetaldehyde emissions. The exhaust emission effects shown above for VOC and NOx emissions only apply to Tier 0 vehicles in our primary analysis. For example, MOBILE6.2 estimates that 34% of exhaust VOC emissions and 16% of NOx emissions from gasoline vehicles in 2012 come from Tier 0 vehicles. In the sensitivity analysis, these effects are extended to all gasoline vehicles. The effect of RVP on non-exhaust VOC emissions is temperature dependent. The figures shown above are based on the distribution of temperatures occurring across the U.S. in July. c. Nonroad Equipment To estimate the effect of gasoline quality on emissions from nonroad equipment, we used EPA’s NONROAD emission model. We used the 2005 version of this model, NONROAD2005, which includes the effect of ethanol on permeation emissions from most nonroad equipment. Only sulfur and oxygen content affect exhaust VOC, CO and NOx emissions in NONROAD. Since sulfur level is assumed to remain constant, the only difference in exhaust emissions between conventional and reformulated gasoline is due to oxygen - 159 -
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The Administrator signed the follow
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Ave., NW, Washington DC. This Docke
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Table of contents: I. Background A.
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C. Requirements for Producers and I
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G. Executive Order 13045: Protectio
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The increased use of renewable fuel
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establish the applicable national v
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Today's proposal outlines the full
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enewable fuel feedstock market pric
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Unlike VOC and NOx, emissions of CO
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These renewable feedstocks are then
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5. Potential Water Quality Impacts
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enewable fuel volume which each par
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certain volume of renewable fuel. E
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est practices would have the option
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As stated, the renewable fuel stand
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enewable fuel volumes in the calcul
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For illustrative purposes, we have
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These credit provisions have meanin
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Stdi = The RFS program standard for
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gasoline. The Act is unclear on whe
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. Ethanol Made From Any Feedstock I
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generate thermal energy used to pro
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animal wastes, including poultry fa
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limit this program solely to a stra
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presence of the denaturant. For ins
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First, doing so could create an inc
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For purposes of this preamble, the
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capability for all of the small ref
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trading program, without any per ga
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obligated parties. However, there i
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particular importance for 2013 and
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have to significantly change their
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The D code would identify cellulosi
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Another case in which a RIN may not
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Section IV. In the context of demon
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equired volumes shown in Table I.B-
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We request comment on the valid lif
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e used for current year compliance.
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equirements by roughly 10 to 30 per
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4. Provisions For Exporters Of Rene
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Previous-year RINs: RINs that came
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a. Responsibilities Of Renewable Fu
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another, in electronic or paper for
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e a one-to-one correspondence betwe
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Parent batch Actual volume (gal) Ba
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should also have the right to separ
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3. Distribution Of Separated RINs O
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obligated parties to exercise marke
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Our proposed program is designed to
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As discussed in Section III.D, it i
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additional enforcement burdens plac
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B. Requirements for Obligated Parti
Page 107 and 108: fuel and containing identifying inf
Page 109 and 110: We request comment on our proposed
Page 111 and 112: We also request comment on our prop
Page 113 and 114: The refiner or importer would be li
Page 115 and 116: Plant Feedstock Corn a Table VI.A.1
Page 117 and 118: Leading the Midwest in ethanol prod
Page 119 and 120: EPA forecasts ethanol production to
Page 121 and 122: As shown in Table VI.A.2-1 and Figu
Page 123 and 124: 3. Current Ethanol and MTBE Consump
Page 125 and 126: Oxygenate Use (Bgal) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.
Page 127 and 128: change from the 2004 base case. 53
Page 129 and 130: per gallon to biodiesel produced fr
Page 131 and 132: ased on the assumption that the ble
Page 133 and 134: Modifications to the rail, barge, t
Page 135 and 136: other waste materials as discussed
Page 137 and 138: elatively small fraction of the tot
Page 139 and 140: production costs using prices for s
Page 141 and 142: the capital cost of making the nece
Page 143 and 144: information on biodiesel freight co
Page 145 and 146: For further details on RVP reductio
Page 147 and 148: assuming only that blending of etha
Page 149 and 150: costs). At a $70 per barrel crude o
Page 151 and 152: gasoline use scenarios will cost th
Page 153 and 154: the incentive to blend in ethanol b
Page 155 and 156: supporting this rulemaking. We hope
Page 157: We base our estimates of fuel quali
Page 161 and 162: pre-1998 model year onroad diesel e
Page 163 and 164: 1. Primary Analysis The national em
Page 165 and 166: Table VIII.B.1-4 Annual Emissions N
Page 167 and 168: RFG due to the absence of an RVP wa
Page 169 and 170: increase in ambient ozone levels is
Page 171 and 172: developing a model of secondary org
Page 173 and 174: IX. Impacts On Fossil Fuel Consumpt
Page 175 and 176: intended to help fuel producers est
Page 177 and 178: efficiency and to reduce air emissi
Page 179 and 180: combined those displacement indexes
Page 181 and 182: 3. Displacement Indexes (DI) The di
Page 183 and 184: Table IX.C.1-1 Fossil fuel impacts
Page 185 and 186: as on the exports of agricultural p
Page 187 and 188: which may change in response to an
Page 189 and 190: X. Agricultural Sector Economic Imp
Page 191 and 192: XI. Public Participation We request
Page 193 and 194: ways to comply with any previously
Page 195 and 196: small refiner under this proposal.
Page 197 and 198: meet these criteria to be considere
Page 199 and 200: “economically significant” as d
Page 201 and 202: 40 CFR Part 80 is proposed to be am
Page 203 and 204: (b) Renewable Fuel Standard for 200
Page 205 and 206: (2) The term “Renewable fuel” i
Page 207 and 208: RFStdi = Renewable Fuel Standard in
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a party’s renewable volume obliga
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(a) YYYY is the calendar year in wh
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(ii) The value for EEEEEE in an ext
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(2) A deficit is calculated accordi
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(a) (1) Any party that exports any
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(e) If a refiner is complying on an
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calendar year; however, disqualific
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§80.76, if such information has no
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(1) A summary report of the annual
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(4) Reports shall be submitted on f
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(1) Fail to acquire sufficient RINs
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(b) The following attest procedures
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(B) That the RFS-FRGAS remained seg
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EPA employees or EPA contractors, f
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(iv) Determine the date and time th
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(ii) Be licensed as a Certified Pub
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