TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 20 - Center for ...

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1-8 Estimates of I996 military expemlitures for defending oil supplies in the Middle East range from $6 to $60 billion per year. This wide range in estimates reflects the difjficulty in assigning a precise figure to the military cost of defending the U.S. interests in the Middle East. The two main reasons for the d&liculty are I) the Department of Defense does not divide the budget into regional defense sectors ancE 2) it is dtfjjcult to determine how much of the cost is attributable to defemling Persian Gulf oil. Table 1.6 Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East Original estimates Year of Source (billion dollars) original estimate General Accounting Office [I] $33 1990 Congressional Research Service [2] $6.4 1990 Greene and Leiby [3] $14.3 1990 Ravenal [4] $50 1992 Kaufmann and Steinbruner [ 51 $64.5 1990 Delucchi and Murphy” [6] $20-40 1996 Average estimate is $32 billion, with a standard deviation of $22 billion. [l] U.S. General Accounting Offices, Southwest Asia: Cost of Protecting U.S. Interests, GAO/NSIAD-91-250, Washington, DC, August 1991. 1996 estimate (constant 1996 billion dollars) $28” $6” $12” $60” $55” $20-40” [2] Congressional Research Service, The External Costs of Oil Used in Transportation, prepared for the U.S. Alternative Fuels Council, Washington, DC, June 1992. [3] Greene, D.L., and P. Leiby, The Social Costs to the U.S. ofMonopolization of the World Oil Market, 1972- 199 1, ORNL-6744, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, March 1993. [4] Ravenal, E.C., Designing Defense for a New World Order: The Military Budget in 1992 and Beyond, Cato Institute, Washington, DC, 1991. [5] Kaufmamr, W.W., and J.D. Steinbruner, Decisions for Defense: Prospects for a New Orcler, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 199 1. [6] Delucchi, M.A., and J. Murphy, US. Military Expenclitures to Protect the Use of Persian-Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles, UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (15) University of California, Davis, California, April 1996. Source: Hu, P.S., “Estimates of 1996 U.S. Military Expenditures on Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East: A Literature Review,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, March 1996. “Estimated based on a 3% annual inflation rate and a decrease of 30% in the total Defense budget from 1990 to 1996. “Provided by the author(s); thus, assumptions used for the projection are different from those used in the other estimates. “Annual cost to defend all U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDI’IXON 20-2000
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 IO 0 North America Figure 1.3. Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 1999 34,9 OECD Europe c International Energy Agency, Monthly Oil Suwey, January 2000, Paris, France, Table 7. 28.1 a Includes jet kerosene and other kerosene. b Includes motor gasoline, jet gasoline, and aviation gasoline. ’ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. 27.6 OECD PacificC Total OECDC Other produlcts Residual fuel oil Diesel oil Total keroserle a Total gasoline b Naptha LPG
Page 1: Center for Transportation Analysis
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ........
Page 7 and 8: Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table
Page 9 and 10: Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Table
Page 15: of them. FOREWORD This edition has
Page 19: ABSTRACT The Transportation Energy
Page 23 and 24: Source Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Chapter
Page 25 and 26: Table 1.2 World Crude Oil Productio
Page 27 and 28: I The UnitedStates has increased it
Page 29: I The share ofpetroleum imported to
Page 33 and 34: I When crude oil and other hydrocar
Page 35 and 36: TRANSPORTATIONENERGYDATABOOK: EDITI
Page 37: Table 1.11 Transportation of Petrol
Page 40 and 41: 1989 World total 134.66 136.35 135.
Page 42 and 43: 2-4 I Total energy use in the U.S.
Page 44 and 45: 2-6 I As duta about alternative jil
Page 46 and 47: The Federal Highway Administration
Page 48 and 49: Q) k s e b Y u IOO- 90 - 80 - 70 -
Page 50 and 51: 2-12 Table 2.10 U.S. Production and
Page 52 and 53: Great care should be taken when com
Page 54 and 55: I Great care should be taken when c
Page 57 and 58: Source Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Emi
Page 59 and 60: 1990 (million metric tonnes) Austra
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.4 Estimated U.S. Emissions
Page 63 and 64: Fuel Motor gasoline LPG” Jet fuel
Page 65 and 66: The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.8 NEAR-TERM Technology Cfor
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.9 (continued) LONG-TERM Tec
Page 75 and 76: Source Chapter 4 Criteria Pollutant
Page 77 and 78: I The transportation sector account
Page 79 and 80: I The transportation sector account
Page 81 and 82:
I The transportation sector account
Page 83 and 84:
I The transportation sector account
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The transportation sector accounted
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I Historically the transportation s
Page 89 and 90:
The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
Page 91 and 92:
Table 4.14 NEAR-TERM Technology Cfo
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Table 4.15 LONG-TERM Technology Gfo
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Table 4.15 (continued) LONG-TERM Te
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Table 4.18 Federal Exhaust Emission
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Table 4.20 Federal Exhaust Emission
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2 2 % 0” z Table 4.22 Federal Exh
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Gasoline Hydrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen
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I Califknia’s Low-Emission Vehicl
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Source Figure 5.1 Table 5.4 Table 5
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Figure 5.1. Gasoline Prices for Sel
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- I . I . I . I I Figure 5.2. Diese
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Year Current Diesel fuel a Constant
Page 125 and 126:
Table 5.6 State Taxes on Motor Fuel
Page 127 and 128:
As of January 2000, only five state
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I In current dollars, import cars,
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I The total cost of operating an au
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Year 1970 1980 1990 1997 1998 1970
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Employees of motor vehicle and rela
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Source Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.
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Year China India Japan France 1950
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1970 1971 1972 E 1973 2 1974 4 1975
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Table 6.5 Highway Vehicle Miles Tra
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Table 6.7 Trucks in Operation and V
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I Using current registration data a
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I Using current registration data a
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Source Chapter 7 Light Vehicles and
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The Federal Highway Administration
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Table 7.4 New Retail Sales of Truck
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Table 7.6 Period Sales, Market Shar
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Table 7.8 Sales-Weighted Engine Siz
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Sales period” 1976 1977 1978 1979
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0.8 F 0 0.6 u' 2 s = 0.4 0.2 Figure
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I The average auto lost over 300pou
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I The number of conventional refuel
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Table 7.17 Corporate Average Fuel E
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Fuel Economy by Vehicle Speed ORNL
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I The two earlier studies by the Fe
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Speed (mph) 1988 1993 Chevrolet Sub
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I The New York Test Cycle was devel
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Table 7.23 Occupant Fatalities by V
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B0 P I In 1998, nearly 40% of all p
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Source Table 8.1 Table 8.1 Table 8.
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Table 8.2 New Retail Truck Sales by
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I These tables illustrate the diffe
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Trucks Trucks (%) Miles per truck T
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I Nearly 1 GO% of all truckfleets u
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Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
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Some,freight activities, such as pi
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Chapter 9 Alternative Fuel Vehicles
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I There are more LPG vehicles in us
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Table 9.3 Estimates of Heavy Altern
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This list includes public and priva
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Figure 9.1 Map of Clean Cities as o
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The Partnership for a New Generatio
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. mm . . . SigniJicant changes have
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1 o-4 ama . . . .I . I TheseJleet d
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1 O-G @Ea6Ll I VW . . I Department
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10-8 I The Energy Policy Act of 199
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. D. Year 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970
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11-4 I Household vehicle ownership
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1 l-6 e. . The 1995 NPTS data shoul
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11-8 El . . TRANSPORTATIONENERGYDAT
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oooz-02 NOI.I>Ia~ :>I008 VLVa A!X%N
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11-12 I As households owned more ve
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11-14 a. . I In 1995 the average jo
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11-16 I3 . . Table 11.14 National a
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. D. Principal means of transportat
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. D. 90- IO- O- Figure 11.5. Shares
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Table 12.1 Summary Statistics for U
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124 In the early seventies, domesti
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Fifty-six percent of all domestic m
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Table 12.7 Summary’Statistics for
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12-10 The number of trailers and co
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Table 12.11 Summary Statistics for
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A-2 AAMA APTA Amtrak Btu DOC DOE DO
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A-4 Trucks Off-Highway Nonhighwav A
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A-6 Rail Total: Sum of freight and
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A-8 Buses Trucks Sum of transit, in
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A-10 Pipeline Rail Recreational Boa
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A-12 Highway Automobiles Personal T
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A-14 Nonhighway Air Recreational Bo
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A-16 Pipeline Rail Natural Gas: Ton
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A-18 Light Trucks Buses Vmt - DOT,
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A-20 Highway Table 2.14 Energy Inte
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A-22 Trucks Stock - Vehicles in use
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A-24 Energy Use Transit buses: Amer
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B-2 Automotive gasoline Diesel moto
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B-4 Table B.3 Energy Unit Conversio
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B-6 Table B.7 Volume and Flow Rate
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FROM Pound Kilogram Pound 1 0.4536
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B-10 One million million millionth
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B-12 Conversion of Constant Dollar
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Table B.14 Gross National Product (
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c-2 Table C.l Census Divisions and
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GLOSSARY Acceleration power - Measu
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Bunker - A storage tank. Bunkering
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separating facilities. Crude oil pr
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General aviation - That portion of
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Lease Condensate - A liquid recover
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Oil Stocks - Oil stocks include cru
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Petroleum inventories: The amounts
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Single unit truck - Includes two-ax
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TITLE INDEX TRANSPORTATION ENERGY D
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Alternative (continued) NEAR-TERM T
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Aviation Axle Barrel Summary Statis
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Certification (continued) Cities Ci
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Corporate Corporate Average Fuel Ec
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Dioxide International Man-Made Emis
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Emission (continued) LONG-TERM Tech
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Engine Sales-Weighted Engine Size o
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Fleet Fleet Vehicles in Service as
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Fuels (continued) Gallon Gas Gases
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Heavy (continued) Federal Exhaust E
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International Summary Statistics fo
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Material Matter Average Material Co
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Nitrogen Total National Emissions o
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Percentage (continued) Periods Pers
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Prices CrudeOilPrices,1870-98 . . .
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Retail (continued) New Retail Sales
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Shares Shares of Long-Distance Pers
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s toc1< s toc1
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Time Tire Ton Average Length of Tim
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Trucks (continued) Unit Federal Exh
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Vehicle (continued) Employees of Mo
Page 351:
Work World Journey-to-Work Statisti
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