A Deterritorialized History: Investigating German Colonialism ...

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strength to revolt against the Germans. 18 The chief who led the Herero against the Germans first came to social and political power above his rivals by gaining German support through his temporarily accommodationist policy. 19 Nonetheless, the intrusion of Germany into new territories always resulted in forced adaptation on the part of the African peoples as a way to accommodate and moderate the difference between cultures. Within the broader field of social interaction, the role of women was significant in both colonialism and the pro-colonial social organizations such as the Frauenbund (Womens’ League) of the DKG which was loud in demanding the preservation of the Deutschtum of the colonies. 20 For instance, in 1905 some of the women of the league toured German cities in very lady-like Schutztruppe (“protective troops”) uniforms in an effort to raise awareness and funds for the repression of the Herero revolt. 21 The league was also particularly vocal in encouraging settlement to the colony most suited to the German family, Southwest Africa; and sent more than five hundred single women to the colonies between 1897 and 1907. Much like the conservative nationalists who wished to create an idyllic German community in the colonies, the women of the Frauenbund wished to deterritorialize a vision of German-ness in the colonies which opposed changes underway in German society. Through such deterritorializations, the colonizers constructed themselves through the fabrication of the colonial social order. Another issue within women’s role in colonial society is that of the potent combination of race and sexuality. Friederike Eigler, Lora Wildenthal and Helmut Walser Smith show how reported instances of miscegenation in the colonies provoked great debates over race and sexuality. 22 Social-Darwinist worries of racial mixing became a topic of Reichstag and public debate. Unsurprisingly, organizations like the 44
Frauenbund were vehemently opposed to the mixing of races and racial dilution in the colonies. 23 But colonial reterritorializations of gender and society frustrated the deterritorialization of German norms of racial purity and Herrschaftsutopie. Of particular interest is the passing of many racial laws during the 1904-1905 Herero revolt. 24 More ironic is the fact that the war was in part brought on by the rapes of prominent Herero women by German settlers. 25 The challenge to German authority posed by both the war and miscegenation seemed to require a reterritorialization in the shape of racial and sexual definition through the establishment of racial and sexual difference in the colonies. But what is remarkable is that this difference was only established at the colonial level, for the highest colonial courts in Berlin refused to legislate exactly what constituted German, native and mixed race. Here was another example of the oft-ignored separation of opinion between Germans in the metropole and in the colony. Overall, such efforts to establish Deutschtum in the colonies were stymied by local realities that worked in favour of syncretic mixings of German and African social codes. This sexual syncretism was evident in the efforts of male colonists to meld German racial norms with African acceptance of polygamy and mixed-blood marriages. 26 Thus men incorporated selective elements of both German and African racial and sexual codes. Deterritorialization and reterritorialization become evident in this linkage between internal and external dynamics as well as the fact that colonial practice challenged supposedly “Germanic” social and cultural standards. A more specific component of society, the employment of people by colonial companies, shows how various social units were imbricated in the colonial economy. Given economic necessities and the small German population, native labour became a 45
Page 1 and 2: A Deterritorialized History: Invest
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Abstract.........
Page 5 and 6: Introduction In the late nineteenth
Page 7 and 8: colonialism. Ronald Robinson and Jo
Page 9 and 10: A frequent argument in the thesis o
Page 11 and 12: carried further by another. Similar
Page 13 and 14: etween German and African societies
Page 15 and 16: The German Setting The growth of Ge
Page 17 and 18: that the colonial expansion was not
Page 19 and 20: In 1883 the economic motives for co
Page 21 and 22: European competitors’ exclusionar
Page 23 and 24: interest in 1888 in acquiring a col
Page 25 and 26: 1908. There were also plans to conn
Page 27 and 28: limited to abstract academic invest
Page 29 and 30: where change is performed upon an e
Page 31 and 32: implies a deterritorialization of p
Page 33 and 34: extension of deterritorialization t
Page 35 and 36: eciprocal reterritorialization mean
Page 37 and 38: Deterritorialization rejects focus
Page 39 and 40: historiography has traditionally re
Page 41 and 42: problems of colonial history, but a
Page 43 and 44: epresented a vital dynamic within G
Page 45 and 46: of economic, social and political i
Page 47: There was great potential for socie
Page 51 and 52: medicine, social organization and m
Page 53 and 54: y the K-A, the Admiralität, and th
Page 55 and 56: society actually facilitated treati
Page 57 and 58: But the Pan-Germans’ relationship
Page 59 and 60: Nonetheless, not all German papers
Page 61 and 62: discourses surrounding cultural art
Page 63 and 64: the civilization of the Germans wit
Page 65 and 66: Through such cultural deterritorial
Page 67 and 68: claim to further African territory,
Page 69 and 70: Foucauldian collection of knowledge
Page 71 and 72: establishment of boundaries and tri
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 The social and cultural e
Page 75 and 76: profits. The expansion of colonial
Page 77 and 78: Yet, while there was much associati
Page 79 and 80: the colonies in a new manner, since
Page 81 and 82: security that in turn motivated som
Page 83 and 84: In addition to territorial disenfra
Page 85 and 86: capital does not only reterritorial
Page 87 and 88: the state’s assumption of soverei
Page 89 and 90: the RKA bureaucracy and the local a
Page 91 and 92: settlers, administrators and soldie
Page 93 and 94: dominated by memories of war and hy
Page 95 and 96: German popular desires were intrins
Page 97 and 98: colonial policy and declared that t
Page 99 and 100:
German colonial imposition. But aft
Page 101 and 102:
policy. 98 However this still does
Page 103 and 104:
commercial rights for German compan
Page 105 and 106:
101 Though law played an important
Page 107 and 108:
appeals to the Reichstag usually fo
Page 109 and 110:
Conclusion 105 This study has focus
Page 111 and 112:
Lastly, Deleuze and Guattari’s pa
Page 113 and 114:
colonialism is impossibly simplisti
Page 115 and 116:
Deterritorialization helps the hist
Page 117 and 118:
113 Much like the new images of col
Page 119 and 120:
9 D.C.M. Platt, “The Imperialism
Page 121 and 122:
A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and
Page 123 and 124:
56 H. Pogge von Strandmann and Eric
Page 125 and 126:
11 The phrase “perpetual displace
Page 127 and 128:
the notions of labour and independe
Page 129 and 130:
56 Sartre, xiii. 57 Deleuze, Empiri
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter Two 1 Stoecker, 155. Taylor
Page 133 and 134:
Bülow’s Colonial Writings,” in
Page 135 and 136:
46 This is poignantly evidenced in
Page 137 and 138:
70 Ulrich van der Heyden, “Afrika
Page 139 and 140:
94 R1001 8 Deutsch-Ostafrika. 8.9 E
Page 141 and 142:
6 In fact, the Southwest African co
Page 143 and 144:
23 R1001 8 Deutsch-Ostafrika. 8.12
Page 145 and 146:
49 R1001 1 Allgemeine Angelegenheit
Page 147 and 148:
68 Heyden and Zeller, 74. 69 Grosse
Page 149 and 150:
promised death for all Herero found
Page 151 and 152:
111 R1001 1 Allgemeine Angelegenhei
Page 153 and 154:
Herero and Nama wars were similarly
Page 155 and 156:
AA Auswärtiges Amt Appendix Guide
Page 157 and 158:
Periodicals Beiträge zur Kolonialp
Page 159 and 160:
Behnen, Michael. ed. Quellen zur De
Page 161 and 162:
Epstein, Klaus. “Erzberger and th
Page 163 and 164:
Holland, Eugene W. “’Deterritor
Page 165 and 166:
Mongia, Padmini. ed. Contemporary P
Page 167 and 168:
1907-1915.” The International Jou
Page 169 and 170:
Thomas, Nicholas. Colonialism’s C
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