A Deterritorialized History: Investigating German Colonialism ...

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period of thorough ambivalence to guarded acceptance and finally considerable enthusiasm in the new colonies. In the broader German population, the colonies remained peripheral issues until the shock of the colonial uprisings in the early twentieth century. After the revolts and the massive expenditures on their repression, the African colonies definitively entered German society. The subsequent reforms to the colonial system instigated by the Deutsche Zentrumspartei (hereafter Zentrum) and Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (hereafter SPD) established a new direction in colonial policy. In the aftermath of the disclosure of a range of scandals over the administration of the colonies and the “Hottentot” election of 1907, the governing parties maintained their hold on power, but with significant changes to the colonial system. The reforms were led by State Secretary Bernhard Dernburg, who immediately restructured the colonial economies and improved the treatment of indigenous peoples. The reforms to the colonial system persisted until the beginning of the world war. Along with diversity and change, the theme of continual expansion stands out. While the initial colonies were acquired between 1884 and 1890, there was a recurrent momentum of expansion into the African interior and further along the coast. Though the boundaries of the respective European spheres of influence had been established at the 1884 Berlin Conference, the expansion of German control into further areas of the African hinterland was to continue for the following three decades. Both the Colonial Department or Kolonial-Abteilung (hereafter K-A) and its 1907 successor, the Imperial Colonial Office or Reichskolonialamt (hereafter RKA), worked to increase the size of its colonies by annexing contiguous territory. 61 Germany also expressed significant interest in acquiring more land in the Niger district from either France or Britain from 1889 to 20
1908. There were also plans to connect Southwest Africa, Cameroon and areas of west Africa into a vast German Mittelafrika trading bloc. As seen above, the German government always retained its rights to further expansion. 62 After the initial acquisition of territory, the consolidation of existing territory and conquest of further territory continued throughout the three decades. This expansion highlights the forces driving German colonialism as a whole, leading this study to focus upon colonial expansion as indicative of the general character of colonialism. One final theme, inseparable from this continual expansion, was contestation between German and African, ranging from passive negotiation to active rebellion. Colonial discord was always based on the expansion of territory into foreign dominions or the consolidation of German control over existing territory. The actions of German administrators, soldiers and traders frequently caused unrest as indigenous societies fought the expansive energies of the Germans. For example, the most severe example of violence, the wars of 1904-1906 against the pastoralist Herero and Nama tribes, present colonial resistance and repression in their cruellest shape. Over seventy thousand Herero were killed in what can now be easily termed genocide. 63 Almost concurrently a peasant uprising in East Africa known as the Maji Maji War lasted from 1905 until 1907. The history of German colonial conflict, from major actions in 1888-1890, 1889-1894 and 1904-1907 to the many smaller struggles, reveals both the ability of Africans to resist German rule, and the ends to which Germany was prepared to go to dominate Africa. 21
Page 1 and 2: A Deterritorialized History: Invest
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Abstract.........
Page 5 and 6: Introduction In the late nineteenth
Page 7 and 8: colonialism. Ronald Robinson and Jo
Page 9 and 10: A frequent argument in the thesis o
Page 11 and 12: carried further by another. Similar
Page 13 and 14: etween German and African societies
Page 15 and 16: The German Setting The growth of Ge
Page 17 and 18: that the colonial expansion was not
Page 19 and 20: In 1883 the economic motives for co
Page 21 and 22: European competitors’ exclusionar
Page 23: interest in 1888 in acquiring a col
Page 27 and 28: limited to abstract academic invest
Page 29 and 30: where change is performed upon an e
Page 31 and 32: implies a deterritorialization of p
Page 33 and 34: extension of deterritorialization t
Page 35 and 36: eciprocal reterritorialization mean
Page 37 and 38: Deterritorialization rejects focus
Page 39 and 40: historiography has traditionally re
Page 41 and 42: problems of colonial history, but a
Page 43 and 44: epresented a vital dynamic within G
Page 45 and 46: of economic, social and political i
Page 47 and 48: There was great potential for socie
Page 49 and 50: Frauenbund were vehemently opposed
Page 51 and 52: medicine, social organization and m
Page 53 and 54: y the K-A, the Admiralität, and th
Page 55 and 56: society actually facilitated treati
Page 57 and 58: But the Pan-Germans’ relationship
Page 59 and 60: Nonetheless, not all German papers
Page 61 and 62: discourses surrounding cultural art
Page 63 and 64: the civilization of the Germans wit
Page 65 and 66: Through such cultural deterritorial
Page 67 and 68: claim to further African territory,
Page 69 and 70: Foucauldian collection of knowledge
Page 71 and 72: establishment of boundaries and tri
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 The social and cultural e
Page 75 and 76:
profits. The expansion of colonial
Page 77 and 78:
Yet, while there was much associati
Page 79 and 80:
the colonies in a new manner, since
Page 81 and 82:
security that in turn motivated som
Page 83 and 84:
In addition to territorial disenfra
Page 85 and 86:
capital does not only reterritorial
Page 87 and 88:
the state’s assumption of soverei
Page 89 and 90:
the RKA bureaucracy and the local a
Page 91 and 92:
settlers, administrators and soldie
Page 93 and 94:
dominated by memories of war and hy
Page 95 and 96:
German popular desires were intrins
Page 97 and 98:
colonial policy and declared that t
Page 99 and 100:
German colonial imposition. But aft
Page 101 and 102:
policy. 98 However this still does
Page 103 and 104:
commercial rights for German compan
Page 105 and 106:
101 Though law played an important
Page 107 and 108:
appeals to the Reichstag usually fo
Page 109 and 110:
Conclusion 105 This study has focus
Page 111 and 112:
Lastly, Deleuze and Guattari’s pa
Page 113 and 114:
colonialism is impossibly simplisti
Page 115 and 116:
Deterritorialization helps the hist
Page 117 and 118:
113 Much like the new images of col
Page 119 and 120:
9 D.C.M. Platt, “The Imperialism
Page 121 and 122:
A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and
Page 123 and 124:
56 H. Pogge von Strandmann and Eric
Page 125 and 126:
11 The phrase “perpetual displace
Page 127 and 128:
the notions of labour and independe
Page 129 and 130:
56 Sartre, xiii. 57 Deleuze, Empiri
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter Two 1 Stoecker, 155. Taylor
Page 133 and 134:
Bülow’s Colonial Writings,” in
Page 135 and 136:
46 This is poignantly evidenced in
Page 137 and 138:
70 Ulrich van der Heyden, “Afrika
Page 139 and 140:
94 R1001 8 Deutsch-Ostafrika. 8.9 E
Page 141 and 142:
6 In fact, the Southwest African co
Page 143 and 144:
23 R1001 8 Deutsch-Ostafrika. 8.12
Page 145 and 146:
49 R1001 1 Allgemeine Angelegenheit
Page 147 and 148:
68 Heyden and Zeller, 74. 69 Grosse
Page 149 and 150:
promised death for all Herero found
Page 151 and 152:
111 R1001 1 Allgemeine Angelegenhei
Page 153 and 154:
Herero and Nama wars were similarly
Page 155 and 156:
AA Auswärtiges Amt Appendix Guide
Page 157 and 158:
Periodicals Beiträge zur Kolonialp
Page 159 and 160:
Behnen, Michael. ed. Quellen zur De
Page 161 and 162:
Epstein, Klaus. “Erzberger and th
Page 163 and 164:
Holland, Eugene W. “’Deterritor
Page 165 and 166:
Mongia, Padmini. ed. Contemporary P
Page 167 and 168:
1907-1915.” The International Jou
Page 169 and 170:
Thomas, Nicholas. Colonialism’s C
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