A Deterritorialized History: Investigating German Colonialism ...

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colonial strategy. 105 The council exemplifies the deterritorialization of German economic and political discourse in the African context through colonial policy. It also symbolizes differences between colonial policy and German domestic society and politics. There were frequent areas of strife between the desires of the colonial administration and those of commerce in the colonies and in Germany. The very inception of German colonial expansion saw the government struggling to devolve responsibility for the rule of the German colonies to the commercial organizations. 106 After Lüderitz had gained government support for his acquisition of Angra Pequeña through false reports, Governor Heinrich Göring of Southwest Africa reciprocally manipulated commercial interests by “seeding” potential mining sites with minerals in order to encourage development and exploitation. 107 Conversely, the reforms of colonial policy carried out in 1906 under Dernburg saw government attempting to wrest more control over colonial economic affairs from the companies. Similarly, the colonial administration imposed more regulations upon business transactions in the colonies to curtail the predatory business practices that had brought on widespread unrest. 108 Nevertheless, it was only in circumstances of great abuse that the government interfered in commercial transactions. Colonial policy is further manifest in such mechanisms as treaties, taxes, laws and military ambitions. Colonial treaties reveal the expansionist motors underpinning German colonialism through the enshrined right to expansion within Bismarck’s declaration cited earlier. 109 Treaties with African elites often guaranteed a nebulous “protective sovereignty” that left actual territory and actual sovereignty unresolved. 110 Many of the German treaties with autochthonous groups also invoked specific 98
commercial rights for German companies within the territories. 111 The economic and expansionist character of these treaties belies their existence as deterritorializations of German colonialist desire in the colonies. The colonial tax regime was a similar expression of colonial imperatives in the colonies. One of the first actions taken by Lüderitz upon planting the German flag was to impose a tax upon the local inhabitants. 112 All four of the colonies were subject to house (1886-1888, 1908), dogs (1906-1911), spirits (1908-1914), brewing (1908-1911), land (1906-14), trade (1909-1913) and municipal taxes (1910-1914). As African peoples were often seen as “born sluggards,” many taxes were not premised upon work or wealth. 113 Colonial enthusiasts called for head and hut taxes that would secure taxes from all citizens as well as benefit the traders who would subsequently pave the way for further expansion. 114 These duties served a dual function for the colonizers by gaining revenue for the state and forcing natives to labour in order to acquire the money to pay the tax. These taxes were in contradiction to an earlier policy of minimizing taxes over concerns of poverty, migration and revolt. 115 But German administrators were growing desperate for funding as they were never able to squeeze enough tax revenue out of the colonies to pay for their administration. German domestic requirements were deterritorialized to the colonies in the form of tax regimes and were modified by the syncretism of settler demands and African situations. The tax impositions were further subverted and reterritorialized by indigenous groups by false reporting, migration from German territory and the refusal to pay taxes. Intrinsically connected with policy on treaties and tax, law formed an essential part of the German extension of control over its colonies. 116 There was a special 99
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A Deterritorialized History: Invest
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Table of Contents Abstract.........
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Introduction In the late nineteenth
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colonialism. Ronald Robinson and Jo
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A frequent argument in the thesis o
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carried further by another. Similar
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etween German and African societies
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The German Setting The growth of Ge
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that the colonial expansion was not
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In 1883 the economic motives for co
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European competitors’ exclusionar
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interest in 1888 in acquiring a col
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1908. There were also plans to conn
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limited to abstract academic invest
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where change is performed upon an e
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implies a deterritorialization of p
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extension of deterritorialization t
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eciprocal reterritorialization mean
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Deterritorialization rejects focus
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historiography has traditionally re
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problems of colonial history, but a
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epresented a vital dynamic within G
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of economic, social and political i
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There was great potential for socie
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Frauenbund were vehemently opposed
Page 51 and 52: medicine, social organization and m
Page 53 and 54: y the K-A, the Admiralität, and th
Page 55 and 56: society actually facilitated treati
Page 57 and 58: But the Pan-Germans’ relationship
Page 59 and 60: Nonetheless, not all German papers
Page 61 and 62: discourses surrounding cultural art
Page 63 and 64: the civilization of the Germans wit
Page 65 and 66: Through such cultural deterritorial
Page 67 and 68: claim to further African territory,
Page 69 and 70: Foucauldian collection of knowledge
Page 71 and 72: establishment of boundaries and tri
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 The social and cultural e
Page 75 and 76: profits. The expansion of colonial
Page 77 and 78: Yet, while there was much associati
Page 79 and 80: the colonies in a new manner, since
Page 81 and 82: security that in turn motivated som
Page 83 and 84: In addition to territorial disenfra
Page 85 and 86: capital does not only reterritorial
Page 87 and 88: the state’s assumption of soverei
Page 89 and 90: the RKA bureaucracy and the local a
Page 91 and 92: settlers, administrators and soldie
Page 93 and 94: dominated by memories of war and hy
Page 95 and 96: German popular desires were intrins
Page 97 and 98: colonial policy and declared that t
Page 99 and 100: German colonial imposition. But aft
Page 101: policy. 98 However this still does
Page 105 and 106: 101 Though law played an important
Page 107 and 108: appeals to the Reichstag usually fo
Page 109 and 110: Conclusion 105 This study has focus
Page 111 and 112: Lastly, Deleuze and Guattari’s pa
Page 113 and 114: colonialism is impossibly simplisti
Page 115 and 116: Deterritorialization helps the hist
Page 117 and 118: 113 Much like the new images of col
Page 119 and 120: 9 D.C.M. Platt, “The Imperialism
Page 121 and 122: A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and
Page 123 and 124: 56 H. Pogge von Strandmann and Eric
Page 125 and 126: 11 The phrase “perpetual displace
Page 127 and 128: the notions of labour and independe
Page 129 and 130: 56 Sartre, xiii. 57 Deleuze, Empiri
Page 131 and 132: Chapter Two 1 Stoecker, 155. Taylor
Page 133 and 134: Bülow’s Colonial Writings,” in
Page 135 and 136: 46 This is poignantly evidenced in
Page 137 and 138: 70 Ulrich van der Heyden, “Afrika
Page 139 and 140: 94 R1001 8 Deutsch-Ostafrika. 8.9 E
Page 141 and 142: 6 In fact, the Southwest African co
Page 143 and 144: 23 R1001 8 Deutsch-Ostafrika. 8.12
Page 145 and 146: 49 R1001 1 Allgemeine Angelegenheit
Page 147 and 148: 68 Heyden and Zeller, 74. 69 Grosse
Page 149 and 150: promised death for all Herero found
Page 151 and 152: 111 R1001 1 Allgemeine Angelegenhei
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Herero and Nama wars were similarly
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AA Auswärtiges Amt Appendix Guide
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Periodicals Beiträge zur Kolonialp
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Behnen, Michael. ed. Quellen zur De
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Epstein, Klaus. “Erzberger and th
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Holland, Eugene W. “’Deterritor
Page 165 and 166:
Mongia, Padmini. ed. Contemporary P
Page 167 and 168:
1907-1915.” The International Jou
Page 169 and 170:
Thomas, Nicholas. Colonialism’s C
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