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[10] M. Brittan et al., in Proceedings of the 10 th International Conference on High Energy Accelerators, Serpukov, USSR, 1977 (1977), pp. 283–292. [11] C. Lyneis et al., in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference, San Francisco, CA, 1979 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1979), pp. 3246–3248. [12] Report Project 87-R-203, Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (1985). [13] N. Sereno et al., in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference, Wash- ington, DC, 1993 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1993), pp. 3246–3248. [14] N. Sereno, Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1994). [15] G. Krafft and J. Bisognano, in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Confer- ence, Chicago, IL, 1989 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1989), pp. 1256–1258. [16] R. Rohatgi, H. Schwettman, and T. Smith, in Proceedings of the Particle Accel- erator Conference, Washington, DC, 1987 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1987), pp. 230–232. [17] D. Douglas et al., Technical Note 91-017, Jefferson Laboratory (1991). [18] G. Neil et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000). [19] D. Douglas, Technical Note 01-018, Jefferson Laboratory (2001). [20] C. Tennant et al., in Proceedings of the 11 th Workshop on RF Superconductivity, Travemunde, Germany, 2003 (2003). [21] S. Benson et al., in Proceedings of the Free Electron Laser Conference, Trieste, Italy, 2004 (Comitato Conferenze Elettra, 2004), pp. 229–232. 197
[22] L. Merminga, in Proceedings of the European Particle Accelerator Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland, 2004 (2004), pp. 16–20. [23] A. Todd, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 557, 36 (2005). [24] C. Hernandez-Garcia et al., in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Confer- ence, Knoxville, TN, 2005 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2005), pp. 3117–3119. [25] M. Liepe and J. Knobloch, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 557, 354 (2005). [26] J. Bisognano and R. Gluckstern, in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Con- ference, Washington, DC, 1987 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1987), pp. 1078–1080. [27] P. Axel et al., in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference, San Fran- cisco, CA, 1979 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1979), pp. 3143–3145. [28] C. Tennant et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 074403 (2005). [29] C. Leemann, D. Douglas, and G. Krafft, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 51, 413 (2001). [30] R. York and D. Douglas, in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference, Washington, DC, 1987 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1987), pp. 1292–1294. [31] Z. Li, Ph.D. thesis, College of William and Mary (1995). [32] D. Douglas, Presentation at CEBAF-ER working group meeting (2003). [33] R. York and C. Reece, in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference, Washington, DC, 1987 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1987), pp. 1307–1309. [34] M. Tiefenback, Comments in accelerator physics group meeting (2001). [35] M. Tiefenback, CEBAF ELOG 1140939 (2003). 198
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STUDIES OF ENERGY RECOVERY LINACS A
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DEDICATION To my wife Danielle and
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2 CEBAF with Energy Recovery . . .
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5.2 HOM Power . . . . . . . . . . .
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost
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6.1 Summary of the measured effects
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2.10 Illustration of quadrupole sca
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5.1 Successive frames in time (prog
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6.8 A plot of 1/Qeff versus average
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ABSTRACT An energy recovering linac
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction An increasin
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FIG. 1.1: Schematic of a generic li
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FIG. 1.2: A CEBAF 5-cell cavity wit
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The solution to Eq. (1.3) is U(t) =
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y reducing the impedance of HOMs, a
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Despite its success, this method of
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design parameters, most notably ach
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1.4.2 Machine Optics The second cat
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analytic model elucidates many impo
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CHAPTER 2 CEBAF with Energy Recover
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FIG. 2.1: Energy versus average cur
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FIG. 2.3: Additional hardware insta
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FIG. 2.4: A picture of the energy r
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dipoles and beam diagnostics such a
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FIG. 2.7: Horizontal (red) and vert
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FIG. 2.8: Illustration of the cryom
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linac and θNL is the RF phase. The
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2.4 Transverse Emittance One of the
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where σ2 is the rms beam size meas
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eams. The effects of varying the qu
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FIG. 2.12: A typical wire scan near
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quadratic fit and a multiple regres
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ting the data is difficult. Without
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primary source of error is measurin
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identified, although the phase dela
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TABLE 2.3: Comparison of Twiss para
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the results of the fits. The vertic
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FIG. 2.18: Schematic illustrating t
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FIG. 2.19: The GASK signal measured
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FIG. 2.20: The measured normalized
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CHAPTER 3 The Jefferson Laboratory
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FIG. 3.1: Schematic of the 10 kW FE
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FIG. 3.2: Layout of the DC photocat
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accelerating gradient at the front
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eason for making the endloops achro
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FIG. 3.7: Illustration of path leng
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3.5 Longitudinal Dynamics This sect
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FIG. 3.9: The effect of a thin focu
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Under the constraint that each orde
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form of beam breakup not only occur
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4.1 The Pillbox Cavity Although the
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FIG. 4.2: Electric field (red) and
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where the full 4×4 transfer matrix
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The threshold is inversely proporti
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4.3 BBU Simulation Codes: Particle
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6. The second pass beam bunch then
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which excites it. The BBU instabili
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Equation (4.41) is a dispersion rel
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FIG. 4.4: Output from MATBBU showin
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FIG. 4.5: Setup for measuring cavit
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Consequently, depending on the exte
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The projection of the beam displace
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TABLE 4.1: Experimental measurement
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FIG. 4.10: A plot showing the effec
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these cryomodules. Modes from these
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CHAPTER 5 Experimental Measurements
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threshold current - preferably with
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occurred at approximately 2 mA of a
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FIG. 5.5: FFT of a pure 2106.007 MH
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FIG. 5.6: Illustration to show the
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5.4 Measuring the Threshold Current
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for the HOM-beam system and is deri
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FIG. 5.10: Schematic of the experim
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FIG. 5.12: A plot of 1/Qeff versus
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measured HOMs in zone 3, a BTF meas
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FIG. 5.16: HOM voltage measured fro
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FIG. 5.18: A plot of the three valu
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the beam’s response in regions wh
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CHAPTER 6 BBU Suppression: Beam Opt
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FIG. 6.1: Schematic of a FODO cell
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plane [85]. Equations (6.7) and (6.
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6.2.3 Discussion The method of poin
Page 165 and 166: FIG. 6.3: Beam envelopes (horizonta
Page 167 and 168: FIG. 6.6: Beam position monitor rea
Page 169 and 170: FIG. 6.8: A plot of 1/Qeff versus a
Page 171 and 172: ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ 0 0 0 0 0 −1/K 0
Page 173 and 174: FIG. 6.11: A plot of 1/Qeff versus
Page 175 and 176: FIG. 6.12: Threshold current for no
Page 177 and 178: FIG. 6.14: Threshold current utiliz
Page 179 and 180: TABLE 6.1: Summary of the measured
Page 181 and 182: CHAPTER 7 BBU Suppression: Feedback
Page 183 and 184: FIG. 7.1: A schematic of the feedba
Page 185 and 186: FIG. 7.4: A coaxial 3-stub tuner us
Page 187 and 188: All of these considerations are con
Page 189 and 190: FIG. 7.6: Generic layout for a feed
Page 191 and 192: in Section 4.2.1, however, in the p
Page 193 and 194: FIG. 7.7: The threshold current as
Page 195 and 196: FIG. 7.8: Threshold current versus
Page 197 and 198: FIG. 7.10: The threshold current as
Page 199 and 200: CHAPTER 8 Conclusions The work pres
Page 201 and 202: le were experimentally measured. Du
Page 203 and 204: APPENDIX A The Pillbox Cavity Start
Page 205 and 206: FIG. A.1: A pillbox cavity exhibiti
Page 207 and 208: Ez(ρ, φ) = ψ(ρ, φ) = E0Jm(γρ
Page 209 and 210: FIG. B.1: Relationship of the S-par
Page 211 and 212: FIG. C.1: Impedance and frequency o
Page 213 and 214: FIG. C.5: Impedance and frequency o
Page 215: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] M. Tigner, Nuovo C
Page 219 and 220: [50] C. Hernandez-Garcia et al., in
Page 221 and 222: [79] L. Merminga et al., in Proceed
Page 223 and 224: VITA Christopher D. Tennant Christo
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