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Contents 8.3. Inversion of 3D model data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 8.3.1. Isotropic 2D inversion of 3D model data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 8.3.2. Anisotropic 1D inversion of 3D model data . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.3.3. Anisotropic 2D inversion of 3D model data . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 8.4. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 IV. Magnetotelluric investigation of the southern Iberian subsurface - PICASSO Phase I 200 9. Data collection and processing 201 9.1. Profile location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 9.2. Analysis of collected data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 9.3. Correction of faulty records in electric channels of long-period instruments 205 9.4. Segregation of data acquired with the long-period systems according to phase values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 9.5. Merging broadband and long-period data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 9.6. Compensating for distortion of the impedance tensor . . . . . . . . . . . 210 9.6.1. Geoelectric strike estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 9.6.2. Decomposition of the impedance tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9.7. Analysis of TE and TM mode response data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9.8. Analysis of vertical magnetic transfer function data . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 10. Data inversion 225 10.1. Inversion for crustal structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 10.1.1. Determining smoothing parameters for inversion . . . . . . . . . 226 10.1.2. Starting model construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 10.1.3. Investigating characteristics of TE and TM mode response data . 231 10.1.4. Evaluating proposed layered crustal model . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 10.1.5. Final model of the Tajo Basin crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 10.2. Inversion for mantle structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 10.2.1. Isotropic 2D inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 10.2.2. Anisotropic 1D inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 10.2.3. Anisotropic 2D inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 10.2.4. Isotropic 3D inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 10.3. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 iv
Contents V. Summary, Appendix, and Bibliography 277 11. Summary and conclusions 279 11.1. Novel anisotropic inversion approaches for the case of oblique geoelectric strike directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 11.1.1. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 11.1.2. Suggestion for future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 11.2. PICASSO Phase I investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 11.2.1. Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 11.2.2. Suggestion for future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 A. Appendix 287 A.1. Geological evolution of the Iberian Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 A.2. Auxiliary information regarding inversion processes . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 A.2.1. Creating the inversion mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 A.2.2. Oblique strike intricacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 A.2.3. Jones Catechism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 A.2.4. Computation time of inversion approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 A.3. Auxiliary inversion results for the synthetic 3D subsurface model . . . . . 295 A.3.1. Isotropic 2D inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 A.3.2. Anisotropic 2D inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 A.4. Auxiliary figures of the Tajo Basin subsurface investigation . . . . . . . . 312 A.4.1. Responses for crustal inversion model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 A.4.2. Responses for 3D inversion model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Bibliography 325 v
Page 1: Multidimensional isotropic and anis
Page 4 and 5: Contents 2.3. Deviation from plane
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 2.1. Amplitude of t
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures 4.17. Visual repres
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 8.2. Ambient noise
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 10.10.RMS misfit va
Page 17: List of Figures A.15.Result of anis
Page 20 and 21: List of Tables xviii 5.5. Parameter
Page 22 and 23: List of Acronyms FE finite element
Page 25 and 26: List of Symbols Below is a list of
Page 27 and 28: Symbol SI unit Denotation φ · pha
Page 29: Abstract The Tajo Basin and Betic C
Page 32 and 33: Publications Poster presentations x
Page 34 and 35: Acknowledgements Team, namely Colin
Page 37 and 38: Introduction 1 The Iberian Peninsul
Page 39 and 40: ections from enhanced one-dimension
Page 41: Part I Theoretical background of ma
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2. Sources for magnetotelluric reco
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Mathematical description of electro
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yields 3.2. Deriving magnetotelluri
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3.2. Deriving magnetotelluric param
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3.3. Magnetotelluric induction area
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Depth d s d 1 d 2 d n-2 d n-1 t 1 t
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3.4. Boundary conditions materials
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3.5. The influence of electric perm
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Distortion of magnetotelluric data
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4.1. Types of distortion Fig. 4.1.:
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J s 0 s 0 4.1. Types of distortion
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Scale Type Terminology Example Atom
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4.1. Types of distortion the use of
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4.2. Dimensionality Fig. 4.12.: The
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1D 2D local 3D/1D 3D/2D regional 4.
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4.3. General mathematical represent
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4.4. Removal of distortion effects
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Parameter Geoelectrical application
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4.4.5. Caldwell-Bibby-Brown phase t
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Method Applicability Swift angle 2D
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5. Earth’s properties observable
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6. Using magnetotellurics to gain i
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Part II Geology of the study area I
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7. Geology of the Iberian Peninsula
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Recovering a synthetic 3D subsurfac
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direction direction Depth: 12 - 30
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8.2. Generating synthetic 3D model
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Distance from the centre of the mes
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3D N45W 3D-crust TE Rho TE Phi Peri
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8.3. Inversion of 3D model data sch
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Model variation RMS misfit Optimal
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Profile: 3D-crust (TM-only) Depth (
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Parameter Value 8.3. Inversion of 3
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Depth (km) 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10
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Depth (km) 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10
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Step 1: Isotropic 2D inversion Step
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8.3. Inversion of 3D model data par
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8.4. Summary and conclusions bution
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Regularisation order Smoothing para
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S N 1% 0 Depth (km) 3% Depth (km) 1
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9.1. Profile location Data collecti
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Location (degrees) Recording period
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Geological region Stations Geologic
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9.4. Segregation of data acquired w
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Phase (degrees) 135 90 45 0 Z xy -4
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0 km 10 km 30 km 100 km 300 km Dept
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Pseudo-sections crustal strike dire
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9.8. Analysis of vertical magnetic
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9.8. Analysis of vertical magnetic
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10. Data inversion WinGLink softwar
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a (horizontal smoothing) 10. Data i
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10. Data inversion Short period ran
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10. Data inversion TM+TE Depth (km)
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10. Data inversion (a) Constrained
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10. Data inversion the model into u
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) S N 0
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Depth (km) 10. Data inversion S N 0
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10. Data inversion Group velocity m
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10. Data inversion ductivity of thi
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10. Data inversion Shtrikman upper
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10. Data inversion in the lithosphe
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10. Data inversion isotropic 2D lay
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) Depth
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10. Data inversion tigation is usua
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Depth (km) Depth (km) 10. Data inve
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Modelled Observed Modelled Observed
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Depth (km) 10. Data inversion 0 30
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10. Data inversion Depth off LAB (k
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) S 0 5
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10. Data inversion 10.3. Summary an
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10. Data inversion owing to availab
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11 Summary and conclusions The key
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11.2. PICASSO Phase I investigation
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A. Appendix Eocene 54 Ma 42 Ma 36 M
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A. Appendix A.2. Auxiliary informat
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A. Appendix 292 Fig. A.3.: Issues i
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A. Appendix A.2.4. Computation time
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296 3D-mantle profile Inversion res
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298 07-centre profile The profile 0
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300 3D-crust profile The profile 3D
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302 J-centre profile The J-centre p
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A. Appendix Anisotropy Resistivity
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A. Appendix A.4. Auxiliary figures
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A. Appendix 314 ρ TE(Ω−m) φ T
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A. Appendix 320 pic003 (off-diagona
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A. Appendix 322 pic013 (off-diagona
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Bibliography Abalos, B., J. Carrera
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Bibliography Artemieva, I. M. (2006
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Bibliography Berdichevsky, M., V. D
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Bibliography Cebriá, J.-M., and J.
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Bibliography de Vicente, G., J. Gin
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Bibliography Egbert, G. D., and J.
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Bibliography Ganapathy, R., and E.
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Bibliography Haak, V., and R. Hutto
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Bibliography Hutton, R. (1972), Som
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Bibliography Jones, A. G., and R. W
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Bibliography Kurtz, R. D., J. A. Cr
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Bibliography Lviv Centre of Institu
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Bibliography Merrill, R. T., and M.
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Bibliography Newman, G., and G. Hoh
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Bibliography Pádua, M. B., A. L. P
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Bibliography Prácser, E., and L. S
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Bibliography Ritter, J. R. R., M. J
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Bibliography Serson, P. H. (1973),
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Bibliography Spitzer, K. (2006), Ma
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Bibliography Tikhonov, A. N., and V
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Bibliography Wanamaker, B. J., and
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Bibliography Xu, Y., C. McCammon, a
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