P. Schmoldt, PhD - MTNet - DIAS

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List of Tables xviii 5.5. Parameter values for wadsleyite and ringwoodite . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.6. Composition of the Earth’s Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.7. Activation enthalpies and pre-exponential factors for typical mantle materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.1. Proposed values for the factor β by Mackie [2002] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.2. Comparison of inversion algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.3. List of commonly-used, freely-available inversion programs for MT data . 129 7.1. Interpretation of the features in their Betic Cordillera subsurface model by Pous et al. [1999] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.2. Crustal layer thickness and seismic velocity below the Tajo Basin in proximity of the Iberian Massif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 7.3. Depth of the Moho derived from Receiver Function analysis by Julià and Mejía [2004] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 7.4. Parameters of the thermal model for the Tajo Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7.5. Rheological properties of the regions relevant for the PICASSO Phase I investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 8.1. Parameters of the 3D model used to investigate the optimal inversion setting for the case of two very different geoelectric strike directions in crust and mantle, and settings used to generate forward response of the model . 172 8.2. RMS misfit for selected inversion models of the synthetic 3D model . . . 181 8.3. Preferential combination of isotropic 2D inversion setting for the case of the synthetic 3D model used in this study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 8.4. Parameter values used during the 1D anisotropic inversion . . . . . . . . 186 8.5. Parameters used to generate the mesh for the anisotropic 2D inversion . . 191 9.1. Location of magnetotelluric stations and recording duration of long-period and broadband recording systems used for the PICASSO Phase I processing203 9.2. Separation of the PICASSO Phase I profile into different regions according to the geological setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 9.3. Station pairs for remote reference processing of PICASSO Phase I data . 206 9.4. Gridding parameters used to create the pseudo-sections from the PICASSO Phase I datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 10.1. Settings used to determine the optimal smoothing parameter combination in the inversion for Tajo Basin crustal structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 10.2. Layers of the Tajo Basin lithosphere with estimated average electric resistivity values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 A.1. Comparison of computation times for different inversion schemes used in this study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
1D one-dimensional 2D two-dimensional 3D three-dimensional AMT audio-magnetotellurics BBMT broadband magnetotellurics CG conjugate gradient method CMB core–mantle boundary CVP Calatrava Volcanic Province List of Acronyms DP1 polar magnetic storms with centre of disturbance in the night-time auroral zone DP2 polar magnetic storms with correlated irregular variations in low latitudes DS disturbance local time inequality of smoothed storm-time variations Dst storm time-dependent part of smoothed storm-time variations EEJ equatorial electrojet eLAB electric lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary EM electromagnetics ERC equatorial ring current in the radiation belt of the magnetosphere FD finite difference (method) xix
Page 1: Multidimensional isotropic and anis
Page 4 and 5: Contents 2.3. Deviation from plane
Page 6 and 7: Contents 8.3. Inversion of 3D model
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 2.1. Amplitude of t
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures 4.17. Visual repres
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 8.2. Ambient noise
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 10.10.RMS misfit va
Page 17: List of Figures A.15.Result of anis
Page 22 and 23: List of Acronyms FE finite element
Page 25 and 26: List of Symbols Below is a list of
Page 27 and 28: Symbol SI unit Denotation φ · pha
Page 29: Abstract The Tajo Basin and Betic C
Page 32 and 33: Publications Poster presentations x
Page 34 and 35: Acknowledgements Team, namely Colin
Page 37 and 38: Introduction 1 The Iberian Peninsul
Page 39 and 40: ections from enhanced one-dimension
Page 41: Part I Theoretical background of ma
Page 44 and 45: 2. Sources for magnetotelluric reco
Page 67 and 68: Mathematical description of electro
Page 69 and 70: yields 3.2. Deriving magnetotelluri
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3.2. Deriving magnetotelluric param
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3.3. Magnetotelluric induction area
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Depth d s d 1 d 2 d n-2 d n-1 t 1 t
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3.4. Boundary conditions materials
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3.5. The influence of electric perm
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Distortion of magnetotelluric data
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4.1. Types of distortion Fig. 4.1.:
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J s 0 s 0 4.1. Types of distortion
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Scale Type Terminology Example Atom
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4.1. Types of distortion the use of
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4.2. Dimensionality Fig. 4.12.: The
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1D 2D local 3D/1D 3D/2D regional 4.
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4.3. General mathematical represent
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4.4. Removal of distortion effects
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Parameter Geoelectrical application
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4.4.5. Caldwell-Bibby-Brown phase t
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Method Applicability Swift angle 2D
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5. Earth’s properties observable
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6. Using magnetotellurics to gain i
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Part II Geology of the study area I
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7. Geology of the Iberian Peninsula
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Recovering a synthetic 3D subsurfac
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direction direction Depth: 12 - 30
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8.2. Generating synthetic 3D model
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Distance from the centre of the mes
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3D N45W 3D-crust TE Rho TE Phi Peri
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8.3. Inversion of 3D model data sch
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Model variation RMS misfit Optimal
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Profile: 3D-crust (TM-only) Depth (
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Parameter Value 8.3. Inversion of 3
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Depth (km) 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10
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Depth (km) 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10
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Step 1: Isotropic 2D inversion Step
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8.3. Inversion of 3D model data par
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8.4. Summary and conclusions bution
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Regularisation order Smoothing para
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S N 1% 0 Depth (km) 3% Depth (km) 1
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9.1. Profile location Data collecti
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Location (degrees) Recording period
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Geological region Stations Geologic
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9.4. Segregation of data acquired w
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Phase (degrees) 135 90 45 0 Z xy -4
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0 km 10 km 30 km 100 km 300 km Dept
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Pseudo-sections crustal strike dire
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9.8. Analysis of vertical magnetic
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9.8. Analysis of vertical magnetic
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10. Data inversion WinGLink softwar
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a (horizontal smoothing) 10. Data i
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10. Data inversion Short period ran
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10. Data inversion TM+TE Depth (km)
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10. Data inversion (a) Constrained
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10. Data inversion the model into u
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) S N 0
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Depth (km) 10. Data inversion S N 0
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10. Data inversion Group velocity m
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10. Data inversion ductivity of thi
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10. Data inversion Shtrikman upper
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10. Data inversion in the lithosphe
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10. Data inversion isotropic 2D lay
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) Depth
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10. Data inversion tigation is usua
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Depth (km) Depth (km) 10. Data inve
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Modelled Observed Modelled Observed
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Depth (km) 10. Data inversion 0 30
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10. Data inversion Depth off LAB (k
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) S 0 5
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10. Data inversion 10.3. Summary an
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10. Data inversion owing to availab
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11 Summary and conclusions The key
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11.2. PICASSO Phase I investigation
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A. Appendix Eocene 54 Ma 42 Ma 36 M
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A. Appendix A.2. Auxiliary informat
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A. Appendix 292 Fig. A.3.: Issues i
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A. Appendix A.2.4. Computation time
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296 3D-mantle profile Inversion res
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298 07-centre profile The profile 0
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300 3D-crust profile The profile 3D
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302 J-centre profile The J-centre p
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A. Appendix Anisotropy Resistivity
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A. Appendix A.4. Auxiliary figures
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A. Appendix 314 ρ TE(Ω−m) φ T
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A. Appendix 320 pic003 (off-diagona
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A. Appendix 322 pic013 (off-diagona
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Bibliography Abalos, B., J. Carrera
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Bibliography Artemieva, I. M. (2006
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Bibliography Berdichevsky, M., V. D
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Bibliography Cebriá, J.-M., and J.
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Bibliography de Vicente, G., J. Gin
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Bibliography Egbert, G. D., and J.
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Bibliography Ganapathy, R., and E.
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Bibliography Haak, V., and R. Hutto
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Bibliography Hutton, R. (1972), Som
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Bibliography Jones, A. G., and R. W
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Bibliography Kurtz, R. D., J. A. Cr
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Bibliography Lviv Centre of Institu
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Bibliography Merrill, R. T., and M.
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Bibliography Newman, G., and G. Hoh
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Bibliography Pádua, M. B., A. L. P
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Bibliography Prácser, E., and L. S
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Bibliography Ritter, J. R. R., M. J
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Bibliography Serson, P. H. (1973),
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Bibliography Spitzer, K. (2006), Ma
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Bibliography Tikhonov, A. N., and V
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Bibliography Wanamaker, B. J., and
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Bibliography Xu, Y., C. McCammon, a
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