P. Schmoldt, PhD - MTNet - DIAS

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List of Figures xiv 10.31.RMS misfit for different Tajo Basin subsurface models used to investigate the electric resistivity of the lithospheric-mantle and the depth of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 10.32.Misfit distribution for XY apparent resistivity data of the PICASSO Phase I stations and periods for a selection of Tajo Basin subsurface models . . 271 10.33.Comparison of the isotropic 3D inversion result of PICASSO Phase I station responses in the Tajo Basin and a seismic tomography transect extracted from the global P-wave velocity model of Amaru [2007] . . . . . 272 10.34.Location of the southern Tajo Basin mid-crustal high conductivity anomaly in the isotropic 3D inversion model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 A.1. Geological evolution of the Iberian Peninsula in terms of past and presentday stress fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 A.2. Geological evolution of the Iberian Peninsula in terms of past and presentday stress fields (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 A.3. Issues in conjunction with using the true crustal electric resistivity distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 A.4. Isotropic 2D inversion results for the 3D-mantle profile on top of the synthetic 3D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 A.5. Isotropic 2D inversion results for the 04-centre profile on top of the synthetic 3D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 A.6. Isotropic 2D inversion results for the 07-centre profile on top of the synthetic 3D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 A.7. Isotropic 2D inversion results for the 10-centre profile on top of the synthetic 3D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 A.8. Isotropic 2D inversion results for the 3D-crust profile on top of the synthetic 3D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 A.9. Isotropic 2D inversion results for the G-centre profile on top of the synthetic 3D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 A.10.Isotropic 2D inversion results for the J-centre profile on top of the synthetic 3D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 A.11.Result of anisotropic 2D inversion for the 3D-mantle profile with stations pic001 - pic020 on top of the synthetic 3D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 A.12.Result of anisotropic 2D inversion for the 3D-crust profile with stations pic001 - pic020 on top of the synthetic 3D model using resistivity gradient regularisation and an increased smoothing parameter (τ = 6) . . . . . . . 305 A.13.Result of anisotropic 2D inversion for the 3D-crust profile with stations pic001 - pic020 on top of the synthetic 3D model using resistivity laplacian regularisation and a lower smoothing parameter (τ = 1) . . . . . . . 306 A.14.Result of anisotropic 2D inversion for the 3D-crust profile with stations pic001 - pic020 on top of the synthetic 3D model using resistivity gradient regularisation and a lower smoothing parameter (τ = 1) . . . . . . . . . . 307
List of Figures A.15.Result of anisotropic 2D inversion for the 3D-crust-NS profile with stations synE02 - synL09 on top of the synthetic 3D model using resistivity laplacian regularisation and an increased smoothing parameter (τ = 6) . . 308 A.16.Result of anisotropic 2D inversion for the 3D-crust-EW profile with stations synD10 - synM01 on top of the synthetic 3D model using resistivity gradient regularisation and a lower smoothing parameter (τ = 1) . . . . . 309 A.17.Result of anisotropic 2D inversion for the 3D-crust-west profile with stations synM11 - synC01 on top of the synthetic 3D model using resistivity laplacian regularisation and an increased smoothing parameter (τ = 6) . . 310 A.18.Result of anisotropic 2D inversion for the 3D-crust-east profile with stations synN10 - synD00 on top of the synthetic 3D model using resistivity gradient regularisation and an increased smoothing parameter (τ = 6) . . 311 A.19.Comparison of observed data for station pic001 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 A.20.Comparison of observed data for station pic002 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 A.21.Comparison of observed data for station pic003 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 A.22.Comparison of observed data for station pic004 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 A.23.Comparison of observed data for station pic005 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 A.24.Comparison of observed data for station pic007 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 A.25.Comparison of observed data for station pic009 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 A.26.Comparison of observed data for station pic011 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 A.27.Comparison of observed data for station pic013 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 A.28.Comparison of observed data for station pic015 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 A.29.Comparison of observed data for station pic017 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 A.30.Comparison of observed data for station pic019 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 A.31.Comparison of observed data for station pic020 and the related model response for the model shown in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 A.32.Comparison of observed and calculated responses for the minimum misfit model of the isotropic 3D inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 xv
Page 1: Multidimensional isotropic and anis
Page 4 and 5: Contents 2.3. Deviation from plane
Page 6 and 7: Contents 8.3. Inversion of 3D model
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 2.1. Amplitude of t
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures 4.17. Visual repres
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 8.2. Ambient noise
Page 15: List of Figures 10.10.RMS misfit va
Page 20 and 21: List of Tables xviii 5.5. Parameter
Page 22 and 23: List of Acronyms FE finite element
Page 25 and 26: List of Symbols Below is a list of
Page 27 and 28: Symbol SI unit Denotation φ · pha
Page 29: Abstract The Tajo Basin and Betic C
Page 32 and 33: Publications Poster presentations x
Page 34 and 35: Acknowledgements Team, namely Colin
Page 37 and 38: Introduction 1 The Iberian Peninsul
Page 39 and 40: ections from enhanced one-dimension
Page 41: Part I Theoretical background of ma
Page 44 and 45: 2. Sources for magnetotelluric reco
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Mathematical description of electro
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yields 3.2. Deriving magnetotelluri
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3.2. Deriving magnetotelluric param
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3.3. Magnetotelluric induction area
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Depth d s d 1 d 2 d n-2 d n-1 t 1 t
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3.4. Boundary conditions materials
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3.5. The influence of electric perm
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Distortion of magnetotelluric data
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4.1. Types of distortion Fig. 4.1.:
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J s 0 s 0 4.1. Types of distortion
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Scale Type Terminology Example Atom
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4.1. Types of distortion the use of
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4.2. Dimensionality Fig. 4.12.: The
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1D 2D local 3D/1D 3D/2D regional 4.
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4.3. General mathematical represent
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4.4. Removal of distortion effects
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Parameter Geoelectrical application
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4.4.5. Caldwell-Bibby-Brown phase t
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Method Applicability Swift angle 2D
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5. Earth’s properties observable
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6. Using magnetotellurics to gain i
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Part II Geology of the study area I
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7. Geology of the Iberian Peninsula
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Recovering a synthetic 3D subsurfac
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direction direction Depth: 12 - 30
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8.2. Generating synthetic 3D model
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Distance from the centre of the mes
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3D N45W 3D-crust TE Rho TE Phi Peri
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8.3. Inversion of 3D model data sch
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Model variation RMS misfit Optimal
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Profile: 3D-crust (TM-only) Depth (
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Parameter Value 8.3. Inversion of 3
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Depth (km) 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10
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Depth (km) 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10
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Step 1: Isotropic 2D inversion Step
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8.3. Inversion of 3D model data par
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8.4. Summary and conclusions bution
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Regularisation order Smoothing para
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S N 1% 0 Depth (km) 3% Depth (km) 1
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9.1. Profile location Data collecti
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Location (degrees) Recording period
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Geological region Stations Geologic
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9.4. Segregation of data acquired w
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Phase (degrees) 135 90 45 0 Z xy -4
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0 km 10 km 30 km 100 km 300 km Dept
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Pseudo-sections crustal strike dire
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9.8. Analysis of vertical magnetic
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9.8. Analysis of vertical magnetic
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10. Data inversion WinGLink softwar
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a (horizontal smoothing) 10. Data i
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10. Data inversion Short period ran
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10. Data inversion TM+TE Depth (km)
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10. Data inversion (a) Constrained
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10. Data inversion the model into u
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) S N 0
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Depth (km) 10. Data inversion S N 0
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10. Data inversion Group velocity m
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10. Data inversion ductivity of thi
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10. Data inversion Shtrikman upper
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10. Data inversion in the lithosphe
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10. Data inversion isotropic 2D lay
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) Depth
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10. Data inversion tigation is usua
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Depth (km) Depth (km) 10. Data inve
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Modelled Observed Modelled Observed
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Depth (km) 10. Data inversion 0 30
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10. Data inversion Depth off LAB (k
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) S 0 5
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10. Data inversion 10.3. Summary an
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10. Data inversion owing to availab
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11 Summary and conclusions The key
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11.2. PICASSO Phase I investigation
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A. Appendix Eocene 54 Ma 42 Ma 36 M
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A. Appendix A.2. Auxiliary informat
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A. Appendix 292 Fig. A.3.: Issues i
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A. Appendix A.2.4. Computation time
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296 3D-mantle profile Inversion res
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298 07-centre profile The profile 0
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300 3D-crust profile The profile 3D
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302 J-centre profile The J-centre p
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A. Appendix Anisotropy Resistivity
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A. Appendix A.4. Auxiliary figures
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A. Appendix 314 ρ TE(Ω−m) φ T
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A. Appendix 320 pic003 (off-diagona
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A. Appendix 322 pic013 (off-diagona
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Bibliography Abalos, B., J. Carrera
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Bibliography Artemieva, I. M. (2006
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Bibliography Berdichevsky, M., V. D
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Bibliography Cebriá, J.-M., and J.
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Bibliography de Vicente, G., J. Gin
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Bibliography Egbert, G. D., and J.
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Bibliography Ganapathy, R., and E.
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Bibliography Haak, V., and R. Hutto
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Bibliography Hutton, R. (1972), Som
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Bibliography Jones, A. G., and R. W
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Bibliography Kurtz, R. D., J. A. Cr
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Bibliography Lviv Centre of Institu
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Bibliography Merrill, R. T., and M.
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Bibliography Newman, G., and G. Hoh
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Bibliography Pádua, M. B., A. L. P
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Bibliography Prácser, E., and L. S
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Bibliography Ritter, J. R. R., M. J
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Bibliography Serson, P. H. (1973),
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Bibliography Spitzer, K. (2006), Ma
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Bibliography Tikhonov, A. N., and V
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Bibliography Wanamaker, B. J., and
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Bibliography Xu, Y., C. McCammon, a
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