P. Schmoldt, PhD - MTNet - DIAS

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List of Figures xii 9.7. RMS misfits for different geoelectric strike directions of stations recorded during PICASSO Phase I (Niblett-Bostick depth ranges 0 – 30 and 35 - 300 km) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 9.8. RMS misfit for different geoelectric strike directions of stations recorded during PICASSO Phase I (Niblett-Bostick depth ranges 0 – 8 km, 12 – 23 km, and 25 – 30 km) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 9.9. RMS misfit for different geoelectric strike directions of stations recorded during PICASSO Phase I (Niblett-Bostick depth range 12 – 30 km) . . . . 214 9.10. RMS misfit for different geoelectric strike directions of stations recorded during PICASSO Phase I (Niblett-Bostick depth ranges 35 – 100, 35 – 120, and 140 – 300 km) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 9.11. RMS misfit for different geoelectric strike directions of stations recorded during PICASSO Phase I (Niblett-Bostick depth ranges 12 – 100 and 12 – 120 km) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.12. Pseudo-section of PICASSO Phase I data for a profile with an orientation orthogonal to the crustal geoelectric strike direction and respective decomposition of the dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 9.13. Pseudo-sections of PICASSO Phase I data for a profile with an orientation orthogonal to the mantle geoelectric strike direction and respective decomposition of the dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 9.14. Magnitude of the magnetic transfer function for the Tajo Basin subsurface 222 9.15. Real induction vectors for the Tajo Basin subsurface . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 10.1. RMS misfit for models of the Tajo Basin crustal structures with different combinations of global and horizontal smoothing parameters . . . . . . . 228 10.2. Resistivity–depth profiles of horizontally averaged models for the Tajo Basin subsurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 10.3. Resistivity-depth profiles of horizontally averaged models for different regions of the Tajo Basin subsurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 10.4. Comparison of results from isotropic 2D inversion for the Tajo Basin crust using data from both MT modes, only from the TE mode, and only from the TM mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 10.5. Results of isotropic 2D sharp-boundary inversion using conductivity interfaces to evaluate proposed levelled layer structure of the Tajo Basin crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 10.6. Final inversion model of the electric resistivity distribution at crustal depth beneath the Tajo Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 10.7. Potential anisotropy of the Tajo Basin crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 10.8. Misfit of the final Tajo Basin crust model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 10.9. Inversion model of the Tajo Basin crustal structures overlaid by isolines from linear sensitivity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
List of Figures 10.10.RMS misfit variation for different lateral extents of the upper crustal conductor labelled ‘c’ in Figure 10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 10.11.Comparison of the crustal model for the Tajo Basin derived through inversion of MT data and results of the surface wave tomography study by Villaseñor et al. [2007] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 10.12.Real induction vectors for 64 s periods at PICASSO Phase I station in proximity of the high conductivity – low velocity anomaly within the Iberian Massif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 10.13.Electric resistivity of a partially molten rock as function of melt fraction . 245 10.14.Results of initial isotropic 2D smooth inversion for the Tajo Basin subsurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 10.15.Results of initial isotropic 2D smooth inversion for the Tajo Basin subsurface, using a starting model that contains previously derived crustal structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 10.16.Isotropic 2D sharp boundary inversion models of the Tajo Basin subsurface 253 10.17.Results of anisotropic 1D inversion for Tajo Basin subsurface structures . 256 10.18.Results of anisotropic 1D inversion for Tajo Basin subsurface structures using a dataset decomposed according to the strike direction of the mantle 257 10.19.Models of the Tajo Basin subsurface used as starting model for anisotropic 2D inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 10.20.Results of the ρYY component from the anisotropic 2D inversion approach for structures of the Tajo Basin subsurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 10.21.Models of electric resistivity distribution beneath the Tajo Basin using an anisotropic 2D inversion approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 10.22.Average apparent resistivity – depth profile for the Tajo Basin subsurface; obtained through anisotropic 2D inversion of the PICASSO Phase I data. . 261 10.23.RMS misfit for isotropic 3D inversion models at different iteration steps using a halfspace and a layered arrangement as starting model . . . . . . 263 10.24.Results of the initial 3D inversion sequence using a halfspace starting model and a layered starting model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 10.25.RMS misfit for isotropic 3D inversion models at different iteration steps of the second inversion sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 10.26.Comparison of observed and modelled response data for the 3D inversion model labelled ‘a’ in Figure 10.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 10.27.Results of the second 3D inversion sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 10.28.Lowest misfit model of the third 3D inversion sequence . . . . . . . . . . 268 10.29.RMS misfit for isotropic 3D inversion models at different iteration steps of the third inversion sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 10.30.Smoothed resistivity – depth profiles from models of the Tajo Basin mantle used for forward modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 xiii
Page 1: Multidimensional isotropic and anis
Page 4 and 5: Contents 2.3. Deviation from plane
Page 6 and 7: Contents 8.3. Inversion of 3D model
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures 2.1. Amplitude of t
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures 4.17. Visual repres
Page 13: List of Figures 8.2. Ambient noise
Page 17: List of Figures A.15.Result of anis
Page 20 and 21: List of Tables xviii 5.5. Parameter
Page 22 and 23: List of Acronyms FE finite element
Page 25 and 26: List of Symbols Below is a list of
Page 27 and 28: Symbol SI unit Denotation φ · pha
Page 29: Abstract The Tajo Basin and Betic C
Page 32 and 33: Publications Poster presentations x
Page 34 and 35: Acknowledgements Team, namely Colin
Page 37 and 38: Introduction 1 The Iberian Peninsul
Page 39 and 40: ections from enhanced one-dimension
Page 41: Part I Theoretical background of ma
Page 44 and 45: 2. Sources for magnetotelluric reco
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2. Sources for magnetotelluric reco
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Mathematical description of electro
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yields 3.2. Deriving magnetotelluri
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3.2. Deriving magnetotelluric param
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3.3. Magnetotelluric induction area
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Depth d s d 1 d 2 d n-2 d n-1 t 1 t
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3.4. Boundary conditions materials
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3.5. The influence of electric perm
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Distortion of magnetotelluric data
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4.1. Types of distortion Fig. 4.1.:
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J s 0 s 0 4.1. Types of distortion
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Scale Type Terminology Example Atom
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4.1. Types of distortion the use of
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4.2. Dimensionality Fig. 4.12.: The
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1D 2D local 3D/1D 3D/2D regional 4.
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4.3. General mathematical represent
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4.4. Removal of distortion effects
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Parameter Geoelectrical application
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4.4.5. Caldwell-Bibby-Brown phase t
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Method Applicability Swift angle 2D
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5. Earth’s properties observable
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6. Using magnetotellurics to gain i
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Part II Geology of the study area I
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7. Geology of the Iberian Peninsula
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Recovering a synthetic 3D subsurfac
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direction direction Depth: 12 - 30
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8.2. Generating synthetic 3D model
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Distance from the centre of the mes
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3D N45W 3D-crust TE Rho TE Phi Peri
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8.3. Inversion of 3D model data sch
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Model variation RMS misfit Optimal
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Profile: 3D-crust (TM-only) Depth (
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Parameter Value 8.3. Inversion of 3
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Depth (km) 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10
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Depth (km) 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10
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Step 1: Isotropic 2D inversion Step
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8.3. Inversion of 3D model data par
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8.4. Summary and conclusions bution
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Regularisation order Smoothing para
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S N 1% 0 Depth (km) 3% Depth (km) 1
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9.1. Profile location Data collecti
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Location (degrees) Recording period
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Geological region Stations Geologic
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9.4. Segregation of data acquired w
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Phase (degrees) 135 90 45 0 Z xy -4
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0 km 10 km 30 km 100 km 300 km Dept
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Pseudo-sections crustal strike dire
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9.8. Analysis of vertical magnetic
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9.8. Analysis of vertical magnetic
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10. Data inversion WinGLink softwar
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a (horizontal smoothing) 10. Data i
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10. Data inversion Short period ran
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10. Data inversion TM+TE Depth (km)
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10. Data inversion (a) Constrained
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10. Data inversion the model into u
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) S N 0
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Depth (km) 10. Data inversion S N 0
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10. Data inversion Group velocity m
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10. Data inversion ductivity of thi
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10. Data inversion Shtrikman upper
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10. Data inversion in the lithosphe
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10. Data inversion isotropic 2D lay
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) Depth
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10. Data inversion tigation is usua
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Depth (km) Depth (km) 10. Data inve
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Modelled Observed Modelled Observed
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Depth (km) 10. Data inversion 0 30
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10. Data inversion Depth off LAB (k
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10. Data inversion Depth (km) S 0 5
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10. Data inversion 10.3. Summary an
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10. Data inversion owing to availab
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11 Summary and conclusions The key
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11.2. PICASSO Phase I investigation
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A. Appendix Eocene 54 Ma 42 Ma 36 M
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A. Appendix A.2. Auxiliary informat
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A. Appendix 292 Fig. A.3.: Issues i
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A. Appendix A.2.4. Computation time
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296 3D-mantle profile Inversion res
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298 07-centre profile The profile 0
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300 3D-crust profile The profile 3D
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302 J-centre profile The J-centre p
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A. Appendix Anisotropy Resistivity
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A. Appendix A.4. Auxiliary figures
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A. Appendix 314 ρ TE(Ω−m) φ T
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A. Appendix 320 pic003 (off-diagona
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A. Appendix 322 pic013 (off-diagona
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Bibliography Abalos, B., J. Carrera
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Bibliography Artemieva, I. M. (2006
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Bibliography Berdichevsky, M., V. D
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Bibliography Cebriá, J.-M., and J.
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Bibliography de Vicente, G., J. Gin
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Bibliography Egbert, G. D., and J.
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Bibliography Ganapathy, R., and E.
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Bibliography Haak, V., and R. Hutto
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Bibliography Hutton, R. (1972), Som
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Bibliography Jones, A. G., and R. W
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Bibliography Kurtz, R. D., J. A. Cr
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Bibliography Lviv Centre of Institu
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Bibliography Merrill, R. T., and M.
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Bibliography Newman, G., and G. Hoh
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Bibliography Pádua, M. B., A. L. P
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Bibliography Prácser, E., and L. S
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Bibliography Ritter, J. R. R., M. J
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Bibliography Serson, P. H. (1973),
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Bibliography Spitzer, K. (2006), Ma
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Bibliography Tikhonov, A. N., and V
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Bibliography Wanamaker, B. J., and
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Bibliography Xu, Y., C. McCammon, a
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P. Schmoldt, PhD - MTNet - DIAS

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