Deep Ancestry - Lower Delmarva Bradfords

Subclade Description
There is a high correlation between the rare marker values 492=14 and 464d=19 among men who have
tested positive for U106 or its descendant SNP L48:
• In the U106 project at FTDNA there are 21 men who are 492=14. Of these, 12 (57%) also have
464d=19. This is in contrast to U106 as a whole, in which only 33 out of 706 (around 4.7%) have
the value 19 at 464d; it is also in contrast to L48, in which 464d=19 is present in only 10 out of
227 individuals (around 4.4%).
• In the U106 project, there are 23 individuals who are 464d=19 and who have also tested 492. Of
these, 12 (52%) are 492=14. This is in contrast to U106 and L48, in each of which 492=14 runs at
only 4%.
The high correlation between these two rare values is most likely the genetic signal of a founder whose
descendants appear to constitute roughly 4% of the R-L48 haplogroup. This subclade shares some of the
key modal values associated with L48:
Value R1b Freq. U106 Freq. L48 Freq. Subclade Frequency
390=23 22% 56% 85% 79%/86%
447=24 17% 31% 56% 85%/90%
The subclade is characterized by another unusual modal value that further differentiates it within U106 and
L48.
Value R1b Freq. U106 Freq. L48 Freq. Subclade Frequency
442=13 12% 15% 23% 73%
Thus, it appears that the 492=14/464d=19 subclade is probably an offshoot of a descendant branch of L48
whose founder had 447=24 and 442=13.
The subclade is also characterized by a strong presence of 446=14:
Value R1b Freq. U106 Freq. L48 Freq. Subclade Frequency
446=14 15% 11% 11% 42%-58%
The bimodality on 446 indicates the likely presence of a descendant branch of this subclade, the founder of
which had the value 14 at 446.
Finding subclade members:
To find subclade members, I searched for all those in Ysearch within a genetic distance of 1 from the
following haplotype, which includes the 5 defining markers of the subclade plus 3 markers common to
R1b:
492=14
464d=19
390=23
447=24
442=13
426=12 (98% of R1b)
388=12 (98% of R1b)
472=8 (100% of R1b)
This search yielded 121 individuals. Only 41 of these were 492=14, yet virtually the entire group were
442=13 and 447=24. This provides a further indication that the 492=14/464d=19 population is likely a
subset of a descendant branch of L48 characterized by 447=24/442=13.
Adam M. Bradford, 2009

Age Estimates
ASD calculations for the 67 marker haplotypes in this subclade using Tim Janzen’s excel utility yield age
estimates ranging from 43 to 49 generations, or about 1075 to 1470 years using a generation length of 25 to
30 years. Thus, the subclade progenitor may have lived roughly between 500 to 900 AD. However, this
may be an underestimate, since the sample from which it was deduced does not contain those who may
have experienced mutations away from the ancestral values on several of the key markers that define the
subclade.
Subclade Members
The attached spreadsheet contains 109 individuals who may be identified as likely members of this
subclade. Identification was based on having the value 14 at 492 and two out of the other three defining
markers: 464d=19, 447=24, and 442=13. I also included those who are a tight match on at least 25 markers
with someone of the same surname whose 67-marker results warranted their inclusion. If an individual has
been SNP tested, the most downstream SNP for which they have tested positive is listed. I have also
included SNP results for those who have the same surname as those who have been SNP tested and who are
a close match with them.
Spreadsheet of Subclade Haplotypes
Sources for clade members were Ysearch and FTDNA’s U106 project, supplemented by public results from
various FTDNA surname projects.
Walk The Y
The Middlebrook man who is a member of this clade is participating in the L48 Walk the Y project
currently being undertaken with FTDNA. The L48 WTY Project is a concentrated effort to find SNPs to
help further subdivide the L48 haplogroup. With the exception of the SNP L47 and its descendants L44,
L45, and L46 (members of this subclade do not have the L47 SNP), the branch structure of L48 is currently
only guessed at by analyzing STR results. There is a Wade man in the WTY who is not a member of the
492=14/464d=19 clade, but who does have 447=24/442=13.
Bimodality on 446
As noted above, there is a bimodality in this group on marker 446, with a roughly even split between the
values 14 and 13. 13 is likely the ancestral value, since it is the modal of L48 and its ancestor R1b clades.
The following chart shows which surnames have which value. Penningtons and Ratcliffs fall on both sides.
14 13
Bowen
Brooks
Burch
Griffin
Haworth
Holland
Middlebrooks
Morris
Pennington
Pickett
Ratliff
Stephenson
Struthers
Walker
Bradford
Braidwood
Crumpler
Dawson
Delise
Disbrow
Holder
Horrell
Mitchell
Pennington
Pope
Ratcliff
Reed
Reynolds
Van Camp
Ratliff/Radcliff-Pennington/Pinnington Match
A sizeable portion of this subclade appear to be descendants of Nicholas de Radeclive of Lancashire
(b.c.1097-1100). The standard genealogy claims he was a great-grandson in the direct male line of Ivo de
Taillebois of Anjou, who came to England with William the Conqueror. Nicholas was apparently the son of
Gilbert de Lancaster and was given the manor of Radeclive in Lancashire, after which he went by Nicholas
de Radeclive, whence the surname Radcliff and variants. Nicholas’ great -grandson Hugh de Radeclive
Adam M. Bradford, 2009

(b.c.1192, Lancashire) married the heiress Margery de Pininton and adopted her name (whence the surname
Pennington and variants). This shared ancestry for Ratcliffs and Penningtons is borne out by the DNA
evidence.
A group of at least 29 Radcliff (and variants) men are members of this subclade and they are a close match
with 5 men named Pennington/Pinnington. The MRCA of this branch may be narrowed down to the three
generations from Nicholas de Radcliff (b.c.1097/1100), the first to adopt the name Radcliff, on down to
William de Radeclive (b.1164), whose son adopted the name Pennington. The genetic distance between
the Penningtons and Radcliffs (about 9 on 67 markers) is largely consistent with an MRCA in this period.
The Ratliff/Pennington group all have the relatively rare 572=10, which is found in 8% of R1b and in 8%
of U106. This value is shared by the Haworth/Howarth family, which also hails from Lancashire. It is also
held by a man named Morris who traces his origins to Lancashire. Two men named Bowen are also
572=10.
It would be interesting to see if any men with the surname Lancaster turn up a match, since Nicholas de
Radeclive’s older brother William went by “de Lancaster” and apparently had descendants who kept it as a
family name.
Five of the seven Ratcliffs who have tested 67 markers are 481=24, which could be a tag for a specific
branch of Ratcliffs.
Brooks
There is a Brooks family in this clade that hails from Manchester, a city in south Lancashire. They do not
have the 572=10 shared by the Penningtons and Ratcliffs, though they do have 446=14. This family is an
extremely close match (from 0 to 4 on 67 markers) with a man named Holland whose earliest known
ancestor lived in Bavaria. Brooks and Holland are distinguished by 458=15 and 442=12.
The following map illustrates some of the locations in Lancashire which contained subclade members:
Bradford/Braidwood Branch
The Bradfords and Braidwoods clearly share a relatively recent common ancestor. They also appear to be
more distantly related to the rest of the cluster due to values on certain STRs which are not present in the
rest of the cluster, but which they all share. These include 390=24, 389i=12, H4=10, YCAII=22, 413b=24,
and 442=14/15. The surname Braidwood is unique and appears to have once been confined to Lanarkshire,
Adam M. Bradford, 2009

Scotland, where there is a town of the same name. There is evidence that at least two of the Bradford
lineages are of Scots-Irish descent, so that name is likely an Anglicization of a Scottish surname, possibly
Braidwood or Braidfute, which was also present in Lanarkshire. Despite being found earliest in Scotland,
the Braidwood surname seems ultimately to be of Anglo-Saxon derivation.
Holder-Disbrow
Men of the Holder and Disbrow surnames are close matches on 37 markers and share certain rare values:
389i=14
458=16
460=10
464c=16
* * *
The following tree depicts a best guess as to how this clade is descended from L48 and a tentative grouping
of some of the more visible subdivisions of the subclade, based on the shared mutations outlined above.
Adam M. Bradford, 2009

The following network diagram of the 67 marker haplotypes was generated using Fluxus:
The diagram tends to confirm certain aspects of the hypothetical descendant chart listed above. Note the
presence of distinct branches for Bradford/Braidwood, Holder/Disbrow, and Brooks.
Observations on Origin
There are only 2 men of proven Continental ancestry in this sucblade: a Holland from Bavaria and a Van
Campen from the Netherlands. Other than these 2 Continental men, the surnames in the subcluster are
mostly of English or Norman derivation. Even those of Scottish descent - Braidwood/Bradford and
Struthers - have Anglo-Saxon rather than Gaelic surnames. There are two Irish lines – Pickett and
Stephenson/Steenson; as with the Scottish lines, the surnames suggest an Anglo-Saxon/Norman rather than
Celtic/Gaelic origin.
Adam M. Bradford, 2009

The earliest known locations of those who are able to trace their origins to Europe are plotted on the
following map. Note the thick cluster of locations in Lancashire.
Adam M. Bradford, 2009