Dipl. Ing. Matthias Mayerhofer Technische Universität München ...

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II Content Content Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract........................................................................................................................................... I Content .......................................................................................................................................... II List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... IV List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. V List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... VI Notation ...................................................................................................................................... VIII 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Tasks ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Structure of the work ........................................................................................................... 4 2 Biomass Gasification .................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Gasifiers and Applications................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Gas Cleaning ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Hot Gas Cleaning .............................................................................................................. 10 2.4 Catalytic Tar Destruction ................................................................................................... 11 2.4.1 Tar Definition .................................................................................................................. 11 2.4.2 Tar Composition, Maturation and Removal ................................................................... 12 2.4.3 Catalysts for cracking and decomposition of tars .......................................................... 13 2.4.4.1 Influence of Different Parameters ............................................................................... 15 2.4.4.2 How do catalysts work ................................................................................................ 16 2.4.4.3 State of the art ............................................................................................................. 18 3 Nickel Based catalysts .............................................................................................................. 20 3.1.1 Sulfur poisoning ............................................................................................................. 22 3.1.2 Carbon Formation .......................................................................................................... 24 3.1.3 Sintering ......................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Regeneration ..................................................................................................................... 25 3.3 Reduction of the Ni-based catalysts ................................................................................. 26 3.4 Procedures for definition the catalyst sites and characterization ...................................... 27 3.5 Pretreatment to reduce tendency towards coke formation ............................................... 28 3.6 Calcination of Ni catalysts ................................................................................................. 28 4 Iron Based Catalysts ................................................................................................................ 29 4.1 Mechanism of biomass tar decomposition over Fe-based catalysts ................................ 29 4.2 Catalyst Deactivation ........................................................................................................ 30 4.2.1 Carbon deposition .......................................................................................................... 30 4.2.2 Attrition ........................................................................................................................... 31 4.3 Iron state ........................................................................................................................... 32 4.4 Amount of iron in the catalyst ............................................................................................ 34 4.5 Enhancement of catalyst effectiveness ............................................................................. 34 4.6 Catalysts characterization ................................................................................................. 35 4.7 Activation of Iron-based Catalysts .................................................................................... 36 4.8 Influence of difference parameters ................................................................................... 37 4.9 Thermal Procedures for Catalyst Characterization ........................................................... 39 5 Precious Metal Catalysts .......................................................................................................... 41 6 Experiments .............................................................................................................................. 44 6.1 Experimental Facility ......................................................................................................... 44
Content III 6.2 Catalysts ........................................................................................................................... 46 6.3 Experiments ...................................................................................................................... 46 6.3.1Experimental Procedure ................................................................................................. 47 6.3.2 Tar Sampling Method-Solid Phase Adsorption (SPA). .................................................. 49 6.3.3 Gas analysis in GC-FID ................................................................................................. 50 7 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 51 7.1 Iron based Catalyst Characterization ................................................................................ 51 7.2 Sampling and Gas Analysis .............................................................................................. 53 7.3 Tar Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 57 7.3.1. Effect of reaction Temperature and Space Velocity for iron based catalysts ............... 59 7.3.2 Conversion of tar compounds ........................................................................................ 60 7.3.3 Apparent Kinetic constant for Tar Elimination ................................................................ 63 7.4 Blank experiment .............................................................................................................. 65 8 Summary/Outlook ..................................................................................................................... 66 References .................................................................................................................................. 68 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 75
Page 1: Betreuer der Arbeit: Dipl. Ing. Mat
Page 5: Acknowledgements This work was acco
Page 10 and 11: IV List of Figures List of Figures
Page 12 and 13: VI List of Abbreviations List of Ab
Page 14 and 15: VIII Notation Notation ΔH [Kj/mol]
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 1 1 Introduction The d
Page 19 and 20: Introduction 3 1.2 Tasks The presen
Page 21 and 22: Biomass Gasification 5 2 Biomass Ga
Page 23 and 24: Biomass Gasification 7 Spouted Bed
Page 25 and 26: Biomass Gasification 9 2.2 Gas Clea
Page 27 and 28: Biomass Gasification 11 types of ca
Page 29 and 30: Biomass Gasification 13 Mechanical
Page 31 and 32: Biomass Gasification 15 Partial oxi
Page 33 and 34: Biomass Gasification 17 The followi
Page 35 and 36: Biomass Gasification 19 Groups of C
Page 37 and 38: Nickel Based Catalysts 21 even show
Page 39 and 40: Nickel Based Catalysts 23 The conte
Page 41 and 42: Nickel Based Catalysts 25 ing press
Page 43 and 44: Nickel Based Catalysts 27 3.4 Proce
Page 45 and 46: Iron Based Catalysts 29 4 Iron Base
Page 47 and 48: Iron Based Catalysts 31 Measurement
Page 49 and 50: Iron Based Catalysts 33 The percent
Page 51 and 52: Iron Based Catalysts 35 4.6 Catalys
Page 53 and 54: Iron Based Catalysts 37 Reduction i
Page 55 and 56: Iron Based Catalysts 39 and MgO (Di
Page 57 and 58: Precious Metal Catalysts 41 5 Preci
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Precious Metal Catalysts 43 Bimetal
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Experiments 45 Table 3: Biomass fee
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Experiments 47 6.3.1Experimental Pr
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Experiments 49 6.3.2 Tar Sampling M
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Results and Discussion 51 7 Results
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Results and Discussion 53 7.2 Sampl
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Results and Discussion 55 Wet Gas C
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Results and Discussion 57 er, the v
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Results and Discussion 59 7.3.1. Ef
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Results and Discussion 61 The conve
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Results and Discussion 63 7.3.3 App
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Results and Discussion 65 7.4 Blank
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Summary/Outlook 67 The aim is to pr
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References 69 (Aznar,1993) Aznar, M
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References 71 (Hepola,1997b) Hepola
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References 73 (Sarvaramini,2012) Sa
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75 Appendix Appendix A: Iron based
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Dipl. Ing. Matthias Mayerhofer Technische Universität München ...

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