Dipl. Ing. Matthias Mayerhofer Technische Universität München ...

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68 References References Contributions ECN Biomass to the '2nd World conference and technology exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection',2004. (Aasberg-Petersen,2011) Aasberg-Petersen, K.; Dybkjær, I.; Ovesen, C.; Schjødt, N.; Sehested, J.; Thomsen, S. Natural gas to synthesis gas – Catalysts and catalytic processes; Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering (3) 423–459,2011. (Abatzoglou,2000) Abatzoglou, N.; Barker, N.; Hasler, P.; Knoef, H. The development of a draft protocol for the sampling and analysis of particulate and organic contaminants in the gas from small biomass gasifiers; Biomass and Bioenergy (18) 5–17,2000. (Abu El-Rub,2004) Abu El-Rub, Z.; Bramer, E.; Brem, G. Review of Catalysts for Tar Elimination in Biomass Gasification Processes; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res (43) 6911–6919,2004. (Ahmed,2009) Ahmed, I.; Gupta, A. Syngas yield during pyrolysis and steam gasification of paper; Applied Energy (86) 1813–1821,2009. (Anis,2011) Anis, S.; Zainal, Z. Tar reduction in biomass producer gas via mechanical, catalytic and thermal methods: A review; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (15) 2355–2377,2011. (Arauzo,1997) Arauzo, J.; Radlein, D.; Piskorz, J.; Scott, D. Catalytic Pyrogasification of Biomass. Evaluation of Modified Nickel Catalysts; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res (36) 67–75,1997. (Azhar Uddin,2008) Azhar Uddin, M.; Tsuda, H.; Wu, S.; Sasaoka, E. Catalytic decomposition of biomass tars with iron oxide catalysts; Fuel (87) 451–459,2008. (Aznar,1998) Aznar, M.; Caballero, M.; Gil, J.; Martín, J.; Corella, J. Commercial Steam Reforming Catalysts To Improve Biomass Gasification with Steam−Oxygen Mixtures. 2. Catalytic Tar Removal; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res (37) 2668–2680,1998.
References 69 (Aznar,1993) Aznar, M.; Corella, J.; Delgado, J.; Lahoz, J. Improved steam gasification of lignocellulosic residues in a fluidized bed with commercial steam reforming catalysts; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res (32) 1–10,1993. (Bangala,1998) Bangala, D.; Abatzoglou, N.; Chornet, E. Steam reforming of naphthalene on Ni–Cr/Al2O3 catalysts doped with MgO, TiO2, and La2O3; AIChE Journal (44) 927–936,1998. (Basu,2006) Basu, P. Combustion and gasification in fluidized beds. Boca Raton, FL,2006. (Basu,2010) Basu, P. Biomass gasification design handbook. London,2010. (Bhave,2008) Bhave, A.; Vyas, D.; Patel, J. A wet packed bed scrubber-based producer gas cooling–cleaning system; Renewable Energy (33) 1716–1720,2008. (Boyle, 1996) Boyle, G. Renewable energy. Oxford,1996. (Caballero, 2000) Caballero, M.; Corella, J.; Aznar, M.-P.; Gil, J. Biomass Gasification with Air in Fluidized Bed. Hot Gas Cleanup with Selected Commercial and Full-Size Nickel-Based Catalysts; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res (39) 1143–1154,2000. (Campbell, 1988) Campbell, I. Catalysis at surfaces. London u.a,1988. (Coll,2001) Coll, R.; Salvadó, J.; Farriol, X.; Montané, D. Steam reforming model compounds of biomass gasification tars: conversion at different operating conditions and tendency towards coke formation; Fuel Processing Technology (74) 19–31,2001. (Corella,2004) Corella, J.; Toledo, J.; Padilla, R. Catalytic Hot Gas Cleaning with Monoliths in Biomass Gasification in Fluidized Beds. 1. Their Effectiveness for Tar Elimination; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res (43) 2433– 2445,2004. (Courson,2000) Courson, C.; Makaga, E.; Petit, C.; Kiennemann, A. Development of Ni catalysts for gas production from biomass gasification. Reactivity in steam- and dry-reforming; Catalysis Today (63) 427– 437,2000.
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Betreuer der Arbeit: Dipl. Ing. Mat
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Acknowledgements This work was acco
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II Content Content Acknowledgements
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IV List of Figures List of Figures
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VI List of Abbreviations List of Ab
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VIII Notation Notation ΔH [Kj/mol]
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Introduction 1 1 Introduction The d
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Introduction 3 1.2 Tasks The presen
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Biomass Gasification 5 2 Biomass Ga
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Biomass Gasification 7 Spouted Bed
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Biomass Gasification 9 2.2 Gas Clea
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Biomass Gasification 11 types of ca
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Biomass Gasification 13 Mechanical
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Biomass Gasification 15 Partial oxi
Page 33 and 34: Biomass Gasification 17 The followi
Page 35 and 36: Biomass Gasification 19 Groups of C
Page 37 and 38: Nickel Based Catalysts 21 even show
Page 39 and 40: Nickel Based Catalysts 23 The conte
Page 41 and 42: Nickel Based Catalysts 25 ing press
Page 43 and 44: Nickel Based Catalysts 27 3.4 Proce
Page 45 and 46: Iron Based Catalysts 29 4 Iron Base
Page 47 and 48: Iron Based Catalysts 31 Measurement
Page 49 and 50: Iron Based Catalysts 33 The percent
Page 51 and 52: Iron Based Catalysts 35 4.6 Catalys
Page 53 and 54: Iron Based Catalysts 37 Reduction i
Page 55 and 56: Iron Based Catalysts 39 and MgO (Di
Page 57 and 58: Precious Metal Catalysts 41 5 Preci
Page 59 and 60: Precious Metal Catalysts 43 Bimetal
Page 61 and 62: Experiments 45 Table 3: Biomass fee
Page 63 and 64: Experiments 47 6.3.1Experimental Pr
Page 65 and 66: Experiments 49 6.3.2 Tar Sampling M
Page 67 and 68: Results and Discussion 51 7 Results
Page 69 and 70: Results and Discussion 53 7.2 Sampl
Page 71 and 72: Results and Discussion 55 Wet Gas C
Page 73 and 74: Results and Discussion 57 er, the v
Page 75 and 76: Results and Discussion 59 7.3.1. Ef
Page 77 and 78: Results and Discussion 61 The conve
Page 79 and 80: Results and Discussion 63 7.3.3 App
Page 81 and 82: Results and Discussion 65 7.4 Blank
Page 83: Summary/Outlook 67 The aim is to pr
Page 87 and 88: References 71 (Hepola,1997b) Hepola
Page 89 and 90: References 73 (Sarvaramini,2012) Sa
Page 91 and 92: 75 Appendix Appendix A: Iron based
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