Dipl. Ing. Matthias Mayerhofer Technische Universität München ...

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IV List of Figures List of Figures Figure 1: Biomass Gasification ...................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2: Entrained flow bed (Basu,2010) ..................................................................................... 6 Figure 3: Fixed or moving bed (Basu,2010) .................................................................................. 6 Figure 4: Spouted bed (Basu,2010) .............................................................................................. 7 Figure 5: Bubbling Fluidized bed (Basu,2010) .............................................................................. 7 Figure 6: Circulating Fluidized bed (Basu,2010) ........................................................................... 8 Figure 7: Typical compositions of biomass tar (Coll,2001) ......................................................... 12 Figure 8: Catalyst contribution in reaction progress .................................................................... 17 Figure 9: Langmuir-Hinshelwo and Eley-Riedeal mechanism ................................................... 18 Figure 10: Composition of Ni-based catalysts ............................................................................. 20 Figure 11: Sulfur poisoning of Ni-based catalysts ....................................................................... 22 Figure 12: Sulpfur formation (Lassi,2003) ................................................................................... 23 Figure 13: Carbon formation (Lassi,2003) ................................................................................... 24 Figure 14: Particles sintering (Lassi,2003) .................................................................................. 25 Figure 15: Ellingham lines (Nordgreen,2012).............................................................................. 33 Figure 16: Mechanism of decomposition of tar on a calcinated scallop shell ............................. 39 Figure 17 : Orifice Plate ............................................................................................................... 44 Figure 18: Overview of the facility ............................................................................................... 45 Figure 19 : Catalyst Bed .............................................................................................................. 46 Figure 20: Reduction of Iron based catalyst ................................................................................ 47 Figure 21: Reduction of Nickel based catalyst ............................................................................ 48 Figure 22: SPA sampling method (Ziad Abu El-Rub 2008) ......................................................... 49 Figure 23: SEM image of Fresh catalyst ..................................................................................... 51 Figure 24: SEM image of Used Catalyst, grey particles .............................................................. 52 Figure 25: SEM of Used Catalyst, black particles ....................................................................... 52 Figure 26: Gas composition before catalyst test rig .................................................................... 53 Figure 27: Iron catalyst-Wet gas composition-Temperature dependence .................................. 55 Figure 28: Iron catalyst-Wet gas composition-SV dependence .................................................. 55 Figure 29: Nickel catalyst-Wet gas Composition-SV dependence .............................................. 56 Figure 30: Precious metal catalyst-Wet gas composition-SV dependence ................................ 56 Figure 31: Change of wet gas composition of CH4 with time ...................................................... 57 Figure 32: Effect of the char built up in the reactor for iron catalysts .......................................... 58 Figure 33: Effect of char built up in the reactor for nickel catalysts ............................................. 58 Figure 34: Conversion of known tar compounds-Effect of Temperature .................................... 59 Figure 35: Conversion tar - Effect of SV ...................................................................................... 59 Figure 36: Conversion of tar compounds- Effect of temperature ................................................ 60 Figure 37: Conversion of tar compounds –Effect of SV .............................................................. 61 Figure 38: Tar conversion for nickel based catalysts .................................................................. 62 Figure 39: Tar conversion for precious metal catalysts ............................................................... 62 Figure 40: Conversion of tar in an empty catalytic reactor .......................................................... 65
List of Tables V List of Tables Table 1: Upper limits of biomass gas tar and particulates (Milne,1998) ....................................... 8 Table 2: Basic tar cracking reactions (Rönkkönen,2011b, Xu,2010) .......................................... 14 Table 3: Biomass feedstock elemental and proximate analysis in [wt %] ................................... 45 Table 4: Dimensional details of the bed ...................................................................................... 45 Table 5: Different operating conditions of sampling points for iron based catalysts ................... 48 Table 6: LHV dependency on operational parameters for Iron based catalysts ......................... 54 Table 7: LHV dependency on operational parameters for Nickel based catalyst at 800°C ........ 54 Table 8: LHV dependency on operational parameters for precious metal catalysts at 800°C ... 54 Table 9: Classification of tars ...................................................................................................... 57 Table 10: kapp,tar parameter for iron based catalysts ................................................................ 63 Table 11: kapp,tar parameter for nickel based and precious metal catalysts ............................. 64 Table 12: kapp, tar of different catalyst types ............................................................................. 64
Page 1: Betreuer der Arbeit: Dipl. Ing. Mat
Page 5: Acknowledgements This work was acco
Page 8 and 9: II Content Content Acknowledgements
Page 12 and 13: VI List of Abbreviations List of Ab
Page 14 and 15: VIII Notation Notation ΔH [Kj/mol]
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 1 1 Introduction The d
Page 19 and 20: Introduction 3 1.2 Tasks The presen
Page 21 and 22: Biomass Gasification 5 2 Biomass Ga
Page 23 and 24: Biomass Gasification 7 Spouted Bed
Page 25 and 26: Biomass Gasification 9 2.2 Gas Clea
Page 27 and 28: Biomass Gasification 11 types of ca
Page 29 and 30: Biomass Gasification 13 Mechanical
Page 31 and 32: Biomass Gasification 15 Partial oxi
Page 33 and 34: Biomass Gasification 17 The followi
Page 35 and 36: Biomass Gasification 19 Groups of C
Page 37 and 38: Nickel Based Catalysts 21 even show
Page 39 and 40: Nickel Based Catalysts 23 The conte
Page 41 and 42: Nickel Based Catalysts 25 ing press
Page 43 and 44: Nickel Based Catalysts 27 3.4 Proce
Page 45 and 46: Iron Based Catalysts 29 4 Iron Base
Page 47 and 48: Iron Based Catalysts 31 Measurement
Page 49 and 50: Iron Based Catalysts 33 The percent
Page 51 and 52: Iron Based Catalysts 35 4.6 Catalys
Page 53 and 54: Iron Based Catalysts 37 Reduction i
Page 55 and 56: Iron Based Catalysts 39 and MgO (Di
Page 57 and 58: Precious Metal Catalysts 41 5 Preci
Page 59 and 60: Precious Metal Catalysts 43 Bimetal
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Experiments 45 Table 3: Biomass fee
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Experiments 47 6.3.1Experimental Pr
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Experiments 49 6.3.2 Tar Sampling M
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Results and Discussion 51 7 Results
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Results and Discussion 53 7.2 Sampl
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Results and Discussion 55 Wet Gas C
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Results and Discussion 57 er, the v
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Results and Discussion 59 7.3.1. Ef
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Results and Discussion 61 The conve
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Results and Discussion 63 7.3.3 App
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Results and Discussion 65 7.4 Blank
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Summary/Outlook 67 The aim is to pr
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References 69 (Aznar,1993) Aznar, M
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References 71 (Hepola,1997b) Hepola
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References 73 (Sarvaramini,2012) Sa
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75 Appendix Appendix A: Iron based
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Dipl. Ing. Matthias Mayerhofer Technische Universität München ...

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