MARS - George Mason University

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 A. Prologue .................................................................................................................... 1 B. Research Questions and Brief Overview .................................................................. 7 C. Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 9 D. The Crisis Period and Key Parties .......................................................................... 10 E. Future Disasters ....................................................................................................... 11 F. Conflict Management Linkage to Emergency Management ................................... 13 G. Positioning Theory as an Epistemological Tool ..................................................... 15 H. Positioning Is Revealed through Discourse ............................................................ 21 I. Using Positioning Theory to Advance Conflict Analysis and Resolution .............. 23 J. Background ............................................................................................................. 24 K. The Way Forward ................................................................................................... 62 II. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 65 A. Grounded Theory .................................................................................................... 65 B. Discourse Is Nested in Narrative Analysis .............................................................. 67 C. Research Data .......................................................................................................... 70 III. RESEARCH QUESTION ONE: HOW DID THE SPEECH ACTS AMONG GOVERNOR BLANCO, MAYOR NAGIN, AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EVINCE A SOCIAL POSITIONING SYSTEM THAT UNDERCUT THE INITIAL HURRICANE KATRINA RESPONSE? ......................................................................... 72 A. Warnings ................................................................................................................. 72 B. Assurances and Affirmative Positioning ................................................................. 74 C. Disruptions .............................................................................................................. 76 D. The Fog of Conversation ...................................................................................... 113 IV. RESEARCH QUESTION TWO: DOES THE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT LITERATURE OFFER RELEVANT MODELS FOR DECREASING CONFLICT AND INCREASING UNDERSTANDING? ........................................................................... 117 A. Gopin ..................................................................................................................... 117 B. Lederach ................................................................................................................ 118 C. LeBaron ................................................................................................................. 119 v
D. Hicks ..................................................................................................................... 120 V. RESEARCH QUESTION THREE: HOW COULD A CONFLICT MANAGEMENT PROFESSIONAL INTERVENE TO SHIFT POSITIONING SYSTEMS AND PROMOTE A MORE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT RESPONSE? ..................................................................................... 122 A. How Should the Ombuds Position Her/Himself? ................................................. 124 B. Assume the Role of the Principal Federal Official ............................................... 168 C. Possible Contenders .............................................................................................. 175 D. Fill the Void .......................................................................................................... 179 VI. LIMITATIONS........................................................................................................ 185 VII. BROADER IMPLICATIONS ................................................................................ 190 A. Next Steps ............................................................................................................. 190 B. What’s Next for New Orleans? ............................................................................. 191 VIII. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 193 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 200 vi
Page 1 and 2: Committee: Date: rn SEVEN DAYS in t
Page 3 and 4: Copyright: 2011 Cynthia S. Mazur Al
Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 9 and 10: ABSTRACT SEVEN DAYS IN THE CRESCENT
Page 11 and 12: Secondly, the research determined t
Page 13 and 14: I. INTRODUCTION [I have] deep respe
Page 15 and 16: House, primarily President George W
Page 17 and 18: The hurricane resulted in a housing
Page 19 and 20: category five storm, and the Center
Page 21 and 22: Parties are positioned. A worldview
Page 23 and 24: E. Future Disasters Figure 1 Civil
Page 25 and 26: Of course, the most frightening sce
Page 27 and 28: Having a Conflict Management Profes
Page 29 and 30: 1. Positions Positions Social force
Page 31 and 32: 3. Story Lines Pearce and Littlejoh
Page 33 and 34: promote images and concepts. In thi
Page 35 and 36: ecommend an interventionist role, b
Page 37 and 38: construction of reality” that all
Page 39 and 40: 2. Disaster History In America, the
Page 41 and 42: marine oil spill in the history of
Page 43 and 44: disasters 43 In these years the dis
Page 45 and 46: (Nicholson, Emergency Response and
Page 47 and 48: (Select Bipartisan Committee to Inv
Page 49 and 50: 5170). The governor must execute th
Page 51 and 52: After severe criticism from the Gen
Page 53 and 54: The National Response Framework was
Page 55 and 56: from France (Sublette 52). The fleu
Page 57 and 58:
oth sides of the Industrial Canal f
Page 59 and 60:
nation’s worst 63 (Casserly 198,
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Carré), 70 over-indulgence. 71 The
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Republican Bobby Jindal as candidat
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Hurricane Katrina 286, 294, 302). S
Page 67 and 68:
Katrina was] one of the most badly
Page 69 and 70:
The Superdome lost power and the ro
Page 71 and 72:
need (McClellan 284-85). General Ru
Page 73 and 74:
Landrieu. 92 Between 2006 and 2010,
Page 75 and 76:
media, and housing. No one, however
Page 77 and 78:
II. METHODOLOGY An American has not
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and drove poor decision-making and
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views the world as text-centered, i
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My primary datum is the exact words
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medical condition, if you are on di
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officials about a year ago. So the
Page 89 and 90:
Backstories, 2) The Power of Words,
Page 91 and 92:
started to use his power to wrestle
Page 93 and 94:
Next, I turn to the White House’s
Page 95 and 96:
to federalize the disaster (Committ
Page 97 and 98:
People positioned their allies/frie
Page 99 and 100:
e used for law enforcement, while t
Page 101 and 102:
protect them as promised. Violence
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from the federal government to prot
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168). “Sniper” repositioned res
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The Key Parties tried to recast the
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stated that the Convention Center c
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3. Positioning the Problem Elsewher
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environment could be long term issu
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The storm usurped personal agency,
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 7 Pictures of Katrina Covera
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“Excuse my French, everybody in A
Page 121 and 122:
Bush used pet names and folksy slan
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lines and congested traffic in Bato
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were misused and misunderstood. Peo
Page 127 and 128:
The questions and answers were rote
Page 129 and 130:
IV. RESEARCH QUESTION TWO: DOES THE
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3) creativity, and 4) risk (34). Th
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are integral and basic to every com
Page 135 and 136:
I will use the term “Ombuds” fo
Page 137 and 138:
Meetings would begin by establishin
Page 139 and 140:
One Mississippi FEMA official compl
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Blanco came the closest to embodyin
Page 143 and 144:
He tried to position himself as the
Page 145 and 146:
The need for respect is paramount,
Page 147 and 148:
Instead of bringing a sense of law
Page 149 and 150:
Indeed, fighting terrorism became t
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making fun of it. The Ombuds must n
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. The Power of Words What if langua
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pumping stations if flooded, and 4)
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The exaggerated stories were also m
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the crimes being committed by white
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It is almost impossible to position
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manner, rewarding before hand, puni
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Another three-part question for the
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workers is present. That may be an
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times. There is a strong tendency t
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ushed or relaxed attitudes to time
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work to get the parties to acknowle
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The Ombuds can guide the way people
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1. Frequency bias (habitual action)
Page 179 and 180:
Lokey writes that, “Most disaster
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The Principal Federal Official “[
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parties, i.e., the “Unified Coord
Page 185 and 186:
any emergency, regardless of size.
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2. More Katrina Clashes FEMA and th
Page 189 and 190:
Hugh Gusterson suggests the White H
Page 191 and 192:
A slightly different twist on the O
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decision-making, avoid stovepiping
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espect, problem identification and
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VI. LIMITATIONS It is not the blow
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The Ombuds Model is not meant to be
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Is there an assumption that non-fun
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produce a control disaster. The Omb
Page 205 and 206:
VIII. CONCLUSION Still, maybe this
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context; 2) the power words that we
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 13 New Orleans Flood Depth M
Page 211 and 212:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 199
Page 213 and 214:
Grau, 2009. Print. Bayard, Captain
Page 215 and 216:
Research. Ed. Norman K. Denzin & Yv
Page 217 and 218:
2004. Print. Daiute, Colette, and C
Page 219 and 220:
Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom
Page 221 and 222:
Gillette, William. Retreat from Rec
Page 223 and 224:
Henriksen, Thomas Duus. “Liquidat
Page 225 and 226:
Risk and Disaster Lessons from Hurr
Page 227 and 228:
McCarthy, Brendan, and Laura Maggi.
Page 229 and 230:
Thing as a Natural Disaster. Ed. Ch
Page 231 and 232:
Pressman, Jeffrey L, and Aaron B Wi
Page 233 and 234:
Sabat, Steven. “Malignant Positio
Page 235 and 236:
Striedl, Paul, Jim Crosson, and Lea
Page 237 and 238:
Theory: Moral Contexts of Intention
Page 239 and 240:
Squires. New York: Routledge, 2006.
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