[Sample B: Approval/Signature Sheet] - George Mason University

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intelligence establishment. The skepticism toward government reflected not paranoia, but the experiences of the American people in the 1960s onward. The government was caught in repeated lies about the Vietnam War, Watergate, and CIA misdeeds. Many Americans had questions about the other assassinations of the 1960s – Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. Some cultural critics have deplored a culture in which some Americans believe in a government UFO cover-up or official complicity in the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. However, each conspiracy theory must be evaluated separately, and the critics mistake cause and effect. Conspiratorial thinking, while not new as Hofstadter showed, also arose from the effects of government secrecy and lies. There are real questions about the evidence in the Kennedy assassination, and real questions about Oswald’s true allegiances, his connection to Cold War espionage, and his personality and mental state. As time has elapsed since the assassination, a majority of Americans have found the critics of the Warren Commission more believable than the official report -- what Gerald Ford called the “Gibraltar of factual literature.” From the beginning, however, the Warren Commission faced a skeptical public. According to the Gallup Organization, 52 percent of the public thought others were involved in the assassination in a poll taken shortly after November 22, 1963. By 1976, 81 percent of the public believed in a conspiracy, which Gallup attributed to the highly publicized findings of the House Select Committee on Assassinations. The percentage remained high in 1992 at 77 percent after the release of JFK and the intense debate 336
surrounding the film – both pro- and anti-conspiracy. 755 By the 40 th anniversary of the Kennedy assassination in 2003, the number of Americans who thought it was a conspiracy was at 75 percent. Interestingly, those who thought it was a conspiracy were divided on who to blame for the assassination, reflecting the many theories on the case. Thirty-seven percent thought the Mafia was involved; 34 percent fingered the CIA; 18 percent blamed Lyndon Johnson, while 15 percent each thought the Cubans or Soviets were involved. 756 The results of the survey are somewhat skewed because many of the most popular conspiracy theories combine elements of the CIA, the Mafia, anti-Castro Cubans, and even Johnson. In a sense, the Warren Commission and its defenders see the assassination in terms of the United States pre-November 22 nd , 1963. From that perspective, only random acts of violence could fell a widely-regarded leader -- and then the assassin. There is scant belief in shadowy conspiratorial forces active in the country. The critics of the Warren Commission see the world as it unfolded post-November 22 nd , 1963. In the next several decades, Americans would witness revelations about the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, the power of the Mafia and extremist groups, the CIA-Mafia plots to assassinate Castro and other intelligence operations, the Iran-Contra scandal, and even the false intelligence made public before the 2003 Iraq War. The younger generation has 755 Darren K. Carlson, “Most Americans Believe Oswald Conspired with Others to Kill JFK“ Gallup News Service, (April 11, 2001). 756 Lydia Saad, “Americans: Kennedy Assassination a Conspiracy,” Gallup News Service, (November 21, 2003). 337
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Lone Gunman or Patsy: A Cultural Hi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figu
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ABSTRACT LONE GUNMAN OR PATSY: A CU
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The Warren Commission's critics dre
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. Figure 1: Jack Ruby Guns Down Osw
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symbolized - what they meant - to t
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The Warren Commission, instead of f
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This dissertation will delve into t
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writes, “Following the assassinat
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events as validating their coverage
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and youthful protest. Authors Norma
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Figure 2: Infamous Photograph of Os
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material that links him to extreme
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congressional inquiry, take the inv
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uncover all the facts of the case a
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than his Confederate sympathies, an
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Cermak.” 38 The Warren Commission
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there is any such evidence it has b
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avowed commitment to Marxism. The s
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examination did not indicate that L
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The blame for this, according to th
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One Marine even testified that he t
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Union. At the very least, Oswald’
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Oswald, which is hard to believe if
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writing “The Soviets have committ
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his promise, Oswald soon threatened
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Bringuier incident, and brushed asi
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may well have been Oswald’s escap
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Democrats and Republicans, except f
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identifications, the conduct of pol
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to make it less definitive. He woul
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either meat or eggs, but refused de
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CHAPTER 2: OSWALD THE NUT The Warre
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Ford and Stiles used information fr
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the importance of reasonable human
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answerable” for his research or n
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Manchester suggesting someone viewi
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She then told her mother, “He [JF
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had, of necessity, spent time in or
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up his life can kill any leader in
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perceive a crevice of warmth. No ma
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members, of his family for whom he
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zoo.’” 160 Surely, this childho
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In her conclusion, Holloway quoted
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assassination. At one point she tol
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who she interviewed in Moscow with
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events leading up to the assassinat
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emotionally, altogether too much to
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done or said before him.” 195 He
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Corps handbook. He remembered Lee
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dates leading up to the assassinati
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CHAPTER 3: OSWALD THE RED Some writ
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Oswald was the lone assassin and wa
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Newman outlined Oswald’s growing
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left-wing beliefs very seriously. I
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was carried out as a result of Oswa
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Kennedy - who was (allegedly) respo
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exploding the bomb from a nearby su
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associated with Bobby Kennedy’s e
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Assassination. He recounted his mee
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that he was “hysterical” when d
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defenders. 256 Although his book is
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States and the CIA. Pacepa denounce
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assume, at a minimum, that Oswald k
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point, it is hard to believe Oswald
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Showing the many ways Oswald’s ac
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1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. This und
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of his personal frustration than of
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famous: “Notoriety…probably mea
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that in New Orleans Oswald suggeste
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who believed he had been abused and
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primarily as the pawn of the sinist
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Figure 3: A Subversive Re-Visioning
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Oswald. Lee was moved by what peopl
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some sense, true and false in some
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counter-balance some of the positiv
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what the commission called, “His
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telling his oldest buddies to get l
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iases. The black marketer, Mike Cer
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“the seven seconds that broke the
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when I saw him in Moscow.” 349 Th
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Libran. He is capable of seeing the
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quagmire at the center of a conspir
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Oswald marriage from the beginning.
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funny about Oswald’s alleged phys
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in dirty diapers as a child.” 372
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Oswald - even though Mailer believe
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proprietor proclaim “Free country
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“immortality” and reassert them
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consortium of jealous husbands fire
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“Lee Harvey Oswald…trained with
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Chicago to arrange Giancana’s tes
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assassination plot. Noyes suggested
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Noyes stated that the title of his
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oth Gonzalez and Sprague resigned,
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and Connally and, the third shot fr
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values were those of a self-proclai
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Bureau.” 427 The panel found noth
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of a cover-up, as many Warren Commi
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other the Attorney General.” 436
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November 9, 1963, Miami police info
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Blakey explained that the Committee
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Sinatra introduced Kennedy to Judit
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Scheim placed the Kennedy assassina
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“Jack Ruby’s occupational pursu
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about the assassination. Ragano sai
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and social outcast, but he came to
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charges in the 1980’s, but was ev
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advocates that the Mafia was respon
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The double Oswald theory is a key c
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threatened with prosecution” for
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declared that the witness testimony
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from Mrs. Sylvia Odio.” 495 He di
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British researcher Michael Eddowes
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young man who had been away for a c
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examination of the remains on Octob
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niece of a high-ranking Soviet offi
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Even stranger is the tale told of a
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devised. 526 The object was to carr
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Harvey Oswald, the CIA, and Mind Co
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multiple personalities could explai
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as well as those of Martin Luther K
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plot made sense ideologically, as w
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as some army figures such as Genera
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more favorable reception in the pre
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extreme right-winger” - Theodore
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forward, and I was able to direct t
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that he believed David Ferrie was t
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According to Garrison, Oswald was
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guidance of Ferrie and Bannister to
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assassination. In his book, Lane ac
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likelihood there does not exist a s
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complained that the talk show host
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any worse than others,” and he de
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and military-industrial complex. Th
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At the center of the book is Oswald
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with a secret, institutionalized co
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Groden and Livingstone also reporte
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the Russian language when he was in
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lived one of the most eventful, int
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Fair Play for Cuba Committee, the A
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Scott proposed a concept called “
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enmeshed in intelligence matters, b
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was mostly adopted by the right win
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“Some hungry black hole in the CI
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Page 294 and 295: CHAPTER 8: OSWALD ON TELEVISION AND
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Page 306 and 307: Kevin Costner declares that the ass
Page 308 and 309: In the early scenes of the film, St
Page 310 and 311: When Garrison returns to the screen
Page 312 and 313: literature being carefully construc
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Page 320 and 321: eforms. Gelb and other commentators
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Page 330 and 331: Bruce Weber of the New York Times n
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Page 334 and 335: attempt. They touted the party line
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Page 340 and 341: The Commission’s defenders often
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Page 346 and 347: SOURCES 340
Page 348 and 349: Salisbury, Harrison E. “For Some
Page 350 and 351: Hofstadter, Richard. The Paranoid S
Page 352 and 353: Scheim, David E. Contract on Americ
Page 354: CURRICULUM VITAE Michael Moravitz g
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