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complained that the talk show host asked him questions of the “’When did you stop beating your wife?’ type.” 592 According to Garrison, Carson tried to prevent him from showing photographs of three tramps picked up after the assassination. The tramps became fodder for conspiracy theories because there was no apparent record of their arrest and appeared to be well kempt for hobos. Researchers Alan J. Weberman and Michael Canfield praised Dick Gregory for also publicizing the issue of the mysterious tramps in the 1970’s during the Watergate scandal. Weberman and Canfield wrote a book largely based on their theory that the tramps were CIA operatives, including E. Howard Hunt and fellow Watergate burglar Frank Sturgis. Weberman and Canfield concluded that “There is substantial evidence [linking] Howard Hunt and Frank A. Sturgis to the ‘tramps’ who were picked up in the vicinity of the Texas School Book Depository after the assassination.” The authors described Lee Harvey Oswald as “a deep cover CIA operative” and that “overwhelming evidence” suggested a link between Hunt and Oswald. 593 The tramps live on in popular memory even though two Texas journalists Ray and Mary La Fontaine uncovered records of the tramps in the Dallas police archives that indicated they were in fact tramps. Despite debunking the tramps, the La Fontaine’s offered a version of secret 592 Garrison, 245. 593 Michael Canfiled and Alan J. Weberman, Coup d’Etat in America: The CIA and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, (San Francisco: Quick Trading Company, 1992 (1975)), xx-xxi. 260
agent Oswald, in which he was allegedly an FBI informant tracking illegal arms trade involving anti-Castro Cubans. 594 Texas journalist Jim Marrs, in his 1989 book Crossfire: the Plot that Killed Kennedy, synthesized much of the conspiracy literature. This was one of the books Oliver Stone used as the basis of his movie JFK. On the frontispiece of the book, Marrs included the Adolf Hitler quote that “The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a great lie than to a small one.” 595 The “great lie,” in this case, would be the Warren Commission’s version of the assassination: that “Kennedy’s death was the result of a tragic meeting between a powerful national leader and a warped solitary young man wanting to be somebody.” 596 Marrs outlined his own theory of the assassination, in which all of Kennedy’s enemies apparently had a role to play, and Oswald was a patsy set up through his connections to U.S. intelligence. Marrs even accused Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon Baines Johnson, of complicity, having the ultimate power, along with J. Edgar Hoover, to cover up the real story of the assassination, Oswald’s links to U.S. intelligence, and his own role in the murder. On point after point, Marrs took issue with the Warren Commission portrayal of Oswald’s life, beginning with his childhood and his mother, Marguerite. “Despite much conjecture,” Marrs wrote, “there is little evidence that Lee’s childhood was any better or 594 Ray and Mary La Fontaine, Oswald Talked: the New Evidence in the JFK Assassination, (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 1996). 595 Jim Marrs, Crossfire: the Plot that Killed Kennedy, (New York: Carroll & Graf:1989), v. 596 Marrs, xi. 261
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Lone Gunman or Patsy: A Cultural Hi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figu
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ABSTRACT LONE GUNMAN OR PATSY: A CU
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The Warren Commission's critics dre
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. Figure 1: Jack Ruby Guns Down Osw
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symbolized - what they meant - to t
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The Warren Commission, instead of f
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This dissertation will delve into t
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writes, “Following the assassinat
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events as validating their coverage
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and youthful protest. Authors Norma
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Figure 2: Infamous Photograph of Os
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material that links him to extreme
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congressional inquiry, take the inv
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uncover all the facts of the case a
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than his Confederate sympathies, an
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Cermak.” 38 The Warren Commission
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there is any such evidence it has b
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avowed commitment to Marxism. The s
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examination did not indicate that L
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The blame for this, according to th
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One Marine even testified that he t
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Union. At the very least, Oswald’
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Oswald, which is hard to believe if
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writing “The Soviets have committ
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his promise, Oswald soon threatened
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Bringuier incident, and brushed asi
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may well have been Oswald’s escap
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Democrats and Republicans, except f
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identifications, the conduct of pol
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to make it less definitive. He woul
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either meat or eggs, but refused de
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CHAPTER 2: OSWALD THE NUT The Warre
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Ford and Stiles used information fr
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the importance of reasonable human
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answerable” for his research or n
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Manchester suggesting someone viewi
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She then told her mother, “He [JF
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had, of necessity, spent time in or
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up his life can kill any leader in
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perceive a crevice of warmth. No ma
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members, of his family for whom he
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zoo.’” 160 Surely, this childho
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In her conclusion, Holloway quoted
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assassination. At one point she tol
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who she interviewed in Moscow with
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events leading up to the assassinat
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emotionally, altogether too much to
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done or said before him.” 195 He
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Corps handbook. He remembered Lee
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dates leading up to the assassinati
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CHAPTER 3: OSWALD THE RED Some writ
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Oswald was the lone assassin and wa
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Newman outlined Oswald’s growing
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left-wing beliefs very seriously. I
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was carried out as a result of Oswa
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Kennedy - who was (allegedly) respo
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exploding the bomb from a nearby su
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associated with Bobby Kennedy’s e
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Assassination. He recounted his mee
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that he was “hysterical” when d
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defenders. 256 Although his book is
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States and the CIA. Pacepa denounce
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assume, at a minimum, that Oswald k
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point, it is hard to believe Oswald
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Showing the many ways Oswald’s ac
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1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. This und
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of his personal frustration than of
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famous: “Notoriety…probably mea
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that in New Orleans Oswald suggeste
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who believed he had been abused and
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primarily as the pawn of the sinist
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Figure 3: A Subversive Re-Visioning
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Oswald. Lee was moved by what peopl
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some sense, true and false in some
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counter-balance some of the positiv
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what the commission called, “His
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telling his oldest buddies to get l
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iases. The black marketer, Mike Cer
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“the seven seconds that broke the
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when I saw him in Moscow.” 349 Th
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Libran. He is capable of seeing the
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quagmire at the center of a conspir
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Oswald marriage from the beginning.
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funny about Oswald’s alleged phys
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in dirty diapers as a child.” 372
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Oswald - even though Mailer believe
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proprietor proclaim “Free country
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“immortality” and reassert them
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consortium of jealous husbands fire
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“Lee Harvey Oswald…trained with
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Chicago to arrange Giancana’s tes
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assassination plot. Noyes suggested
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Noyes stated that the title of his
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oth Gonzalez and Sprague resigned,
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and Connally and, the third shot fr
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values were those of a self-proclai
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Bureau.” 427 The panel found noth
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of a cover-up, as many Warren Commi
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other the Attorney General.” 436
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November 9, 1963, Miami police info
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Blakey explained that the Committee
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Sinatra introduced Kennedy to Judit
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Scheim placed the Kennedy assassina
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“Jack Ruby’s occupational pursu
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about the assassination. Ragano sai
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and social outcast, but he came to
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Page 220 and 221: The double Oswald theory is a key c
Page 222 and 223: threatened with prosecution” for
Page 224 and 225: declared that the witness testimony
Page 226 and 227: from Mrs. Sylvia Odio.” 495 He di
Page 228 and 229: British researcher Michael Eddowes
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Page 232 and 233: examination of the remains on Octob
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Page 236 and 237: Even stranger is the tale told of a
Page 238 and 239: devised. 526 The object was to carr
Page 240 and 241: Harvey Oswald, the CIA, and Mind Co
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Page 248 and 249: as some army figures such as Genera
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Page 258 and 259: According to Garrison, Oswald was
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Page 270 and 271: and military-industrial complex. Th
Page 272 and 273: At the center of the book is Oswald
Page 274 and 275: with a secret, institutionalized co
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Page 280 and 281: lived one of the most eventful, int
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Page 294 and 295: CHAPTER 8: OSWALD ON TELEVISION AND
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Page 298 and 299: Oswald in custody, the film also pl
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Page 306 and 307: Kevin Costner declares that the ass
Page 308 and 309: In the early scenes of the film, St
Page 310 and 311: When Garrison returns to the screen
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and enter the second floor lunchroo
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of a massive government plot. Howev
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eforms. Gelb and other commentators
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have happened, as against the compe
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discussions in the Pentagon during
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success of a historical film “has
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fence on the knoll apparently weari
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Bruce Weber of the New York Times n
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questions “Who was Lee Harvey Osw
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attempt. They touted the party line
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very visible spokesman for his idea
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he was hardly a strong advocate for
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The Commission’s defenders often
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intelligence establishment. The ske
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grown up with these events and the
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SOURCES 340
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Salisbury, Harrison E. “For Some
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Hofstadter, Richard. The Paranoid S
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Scheim, David E. Contract on Americ
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CURRICULUM VITAE Michael Moravitz g
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