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and youthful protest. Authors Norman Mailer and Priscilla Johnson McMillan have even seen Oswald as a precursor to the hippies of the later 1960’s. 23 Since so much of the history of the assassination is debated, cultural works on the assassination have taken on even more importance as a way for Americans to struggle with the meaning of November 22 nd , 1963. Novels, television shows, and films have allowed writers and movie directors to speculate about Oswald in a way that the official version did not. The assassination and Oswald’s life are a significant field of study given the wide public interest in the assassination and its impact on popular culture. This is because mystery still surrounds Oswald’s life, and he remains a remarkably opaque figure, upon whom much is projected. Oswald is among the most investigated individuals in history, and yet there are many different versions of key facts in Oswald’s life and his personality. Jim Garrison, the crusading and controversial New Orleans district attorney depicted in JFK, declared that Oswald was a hero based on Garrison’s belief that Oswald was an American intelligence agent who was a “false defector” to the Soviet Union and played no role in the assassination but instead was set up. Other conspiracy theorists believe Oswald played a role in the assassination but was the fall guy for sinister and powerful forces such as U.S. intelligence and organized crime. Also, although this theory is less popular than in the 1960’s, some speculated that Oswald was a Soviet or Cuban intelligence operative. 23 See Priscilla Johnson McMillan, Marina and Lee, (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), 157, and Norman Mailer, Oswald’s Tale: an American Mystery (New York: Random House, 1995), 506-508. 16
CHAPTER 1: THE WARREN COMMISSION AND OSWALD: BIOGRAPHY AS MOTIVE The Warren Commission fired the opening salvo in the cultural battle over Oswald’s life. Kennedy's successor, President Johnson, faced rumors and speculation about a possible conspiracy, some even involving himself. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby's murder of Oswald, two days after Kennedy's death, destroyed the possibility that the alleged assassin would stand trial for the murder. To contain the political consequences of these events, Johnson directed the establishment of an official, bipartisan investigative panel, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren. Rushing to complete its work before the November 1964 election, the Commission tried to paint a convincing portrait of Oswald as a loner at odds with society to support its famous conclusion that it found "no evidence that either Lee Harvey Oswald or Jack Ruby was part of any conspiracy, domestic or foreign.” 24 To the Commissioners and many Americans, Oswald’s guilt was epitomized in the image of Commission Exhibit Number 134, which appeared on the cover of the popular magazine, Life. This photograph depicted the alleged assassin dressed in black, a 24 Report of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, (1964; repr., New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991) 21. 17
Page 2 and 3: Lone Gunman or Patsy: A Cultural Hi
Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figu
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT LONE GUNMAN OR PATSY: A CU
Page 8 and 9: The Warren Commission's critics dre
Page 10 and 11: . Figure 1: Jack Ruby Guns Down Osw
Page 12 and 13: symbolized - what they meant - to t
Page 14 and 15: The Warren Commission, instead of f
Page 16 and 17: This dissertation will delve into t
Page 18 and 19: writes, “Following the assassinat
Page 20 and 21: events as validating their coverage
Page 24 and 25: Figure 2: Infamous Photograph of Os
Page 26 and 27: material that links him to extreme
Page 28 and 29: congressional inquiry, take the inv
Page 30 and 31: uncover all the facts of the case a
Page 32 and 33: than his Confederate sympathies, an
Page 34 and 35: Cermak.” 38 The Warren Commission
Page 36 and 37: there is any such evidence it has b
Page 38 and 39: avowed commitment to Marxism. The s
Page 40 and 41: examination did not indicate that L
Page 42 and 43: The blame for this, according to th
Page 44 and 45: One Marine even testified that he t
Page 46 and 47: Union. At the very least, Oswald’
Page 48 and 49: Oswald, which is hard to believe if
Page 50 and 51: writing “The Soviets have committ
Page 52 and 53: his promise, Oswald soon threatened
Page 54 and 55: Bringuier incident, and brushed asi
Page 56 and 57: may well have been Oswald’s escap
Page 58 and 59: Democrats and Republicans, except f
Page 60 and 61: identifications, the conduct of pol
Page 62 and 63: to make it less definitive. He woul
Page 64 and 65: either meat or eggs, but refused de
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER 2: OSWALD THE NUT The Warre
Page 68 and 69: Ford and Stiles used information fr
Page 70 and 71: the importance of reasonable human
Page 72 and 73:
answerable” for his research or n
Page 74 and 75:
Manchester suggesting someone viewi
Page 76 and 77:
She then told her mother, “He [JF
Page 78 and 79:
had, of necessity, spent time in or
Page 80 and 81:
up his life can kill any leader in
Page 82 and 83:
perceive a crevice of warmth. No ma
Page 84 and 85:
members, of his family for whom he
Page 86 and 87:
zoo.’” 160 Surely, this childho
Page 88 and 89:
In her conclusion, Holloway quoted
Page 90 and 91:
assassination. At one point she tol
Page 92 and 93:
who she interviewed in Moscow with
Page 94 and 95:
events leading up to the assassinat
Page 96 and 97:
emotionally, altogether too much to
Page 98 and 99:
done or said before him.” 195 He
Page 100 and 101:
Corps handbook. He remembered Lee
Page 102 and 103:
dates leading up to the assassinati
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER 3: OSWALD THE RED Some writ
Page 106 and 107:
Oswald was the lone assassin and wa
Page 108 and 109:
Newman outlined Oswald’s growing
Page 110 and 111:
left-wing beliefs very seriously. I
Page 112 and 113:
was carried out as a result of Oswa
Page 114 and 115:
Kennedy - who was (allegedly) respo
Page 116 and 117:
exploding the bomb from a nearby su
Page 118 and 119:
associated with Bobby Kennedy’s e
Page 120 and 121:
Assassination. He recounted his mee
Page 122 and 123:
that he was “hysterical” when d
Page 124 and 125:
defenders. 256 Although his book is
Page 126 and 127:
States and the CIA. Pacepa denounce
Page 128 and 129:
assume, at a minimum, that Oswald k
Page 130 and 131:
point, it is hard to believe Oswald
Page 132 and 133:
Showing the many ways Oswald’s ac
Page 134 and 135:
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. This und
Page 136 and 137:
of his personal frustration than of
Page 138 and 139:
famous: “Notoriety…probably mea
Page 140 and 141:
that in New Orleans Oswald suggeste
Page 142 and 143:
who believed he had been abused and
Page 144 and 145:
primarily as the pawn of the sinist
Page 146 and 147:
Figure 3: A Subversive Re-Visioning
Page 148 and 149:
Oswald. Lee was moved by what peopl
Page 150 and 151:
some sense, true and false in some
Page 152 and 153:
counter-balance some of the positiv
Page 154 and 155:
what the commission called, “His
Page 156 and 157:
telling his oldest buddies to get l
Page 158 and 159:
iases. The black marketer, Mike Cer
Page 160 and 161:
“the seven seconds that broke the
Page 162 and 163:
when I saw him in Moscow.” 349 Th
Page 164 and 165:
Libran. He is capable of seeing the
Page 166 and 167:
quagmire at the center of a conspir
Page 168 and 169:
Oswald marriage from the beginning.
Page 170 and 171:
funny about Oswald’s alleged phys
Page 172 and 173:
in dirty diapers as a child.” 372
Page 174 and 175:
Oswald - even though Mailer believe
Page 176 and 177:
proprietor proclaim “Free country
Page 178 and 179:
“immortality” and reassert them
Page 180 and 181:
consortium of jealous husbands fire
Page 182 and 183:
“Lee Harvey Oswald…trained with
Page 184 and 185:
Chicago to arrange Giancana’s tes
Page 186 and 187:
assassination plot. Noyes suggested
Page 188 and 189:
Noyes stated that the title of his
Page 190 and 191:
oth Gonzalez and Sprague resigned,
Page 192 and 193:
and Connally and, the third shot fr
Page 194 and 195:
values were those of a self-proclai
Page 196 and 197:
Bureau.” 427 The panel found noth
Page 198 and 199:
of a cover-up, as many Warren Commi
Page 200 and 201:
other the Attorney General.” 436
Page 202 and 203:
November 9, 1963, Miami police info
Page 204 and 205:
Blakey explained that the Committee
Page 206 and 207:
Sinatra introduced Kennedy to Judit
Page 208 and 209:
Scheim placed the Kennedy assassina
Page 210 and 211:
“Jack Ruby’s occupational pursu
Page 212 and 213:
about the assassination. Ragano sai
Page 214 and 215:
and social outcast, but he came to
Page 216 and 217:
charges in the 1980’s, but was ev
Page 218 and 219:
advocates that the Mafia was respon
Page 220 and 221:
The double Oswald theory is a key c
Page 222 and 223:
threatened with prosecution” for
Page 224 and 225:
declared that the witness testimony
Page 226 and 227:
from Mrs. Sylvia Odio.” 495 He di
Page 228 and 229:
British researcher Michael Eddowes
Page 230 and 231:
young man who had been away for a c
Page 232 and 233:
examination of the remains on Octob
Page 234 and 235:
niece of a high-ranking Soviet offi
Page 236 and 237:
Even stranger is the tale told of a
Page 238 and 239:
devised. 526 The object was to carr
Page 240 and 241:
Harvey Oswald, the CIA, and Mind Co
Page 242 and 243:
multiple personalities could explai
Page 244 and 245:
as well as those of Martin Luther K
Page 246 and 247:
plot made sense ideologically, as w
Page 248 and 249:
as some army figures such as Genera
Page 250 and 251:
more favorable reception in the pre
Page 252 and 253:
extreme right-winger” - Theodore
Page 254 and 255:
forward, and I was able to direct t
Page 256 and 257:
that he believed David Ferrie was t
Page 258 and 259:
According to Garrison, Oswald was
Page 260 and 261:
guidance of Ferrie and Bannister to
Page 262 and 263:
assassination. In his book, Lane ac
Page 264 and 265:
likelihood there does not exist a s
Page 266 and 267:
complained that the talk show host
Page 268 and 269:
any worse than others,” and he de
Page 270 and 271:
and military-industrial complex. Th
Page 272 and 273:
At the center of the book is Oswald
Page 274 and 275:
with a secret, institutionalized co
Page 276 and 277:
Groden and Livingstone also reporte
Page 278 and 279:
the Russian language when he was in
Page 280 and 281:
lived one of the most eventful, int
Page 282 and 283:
Fair Play for Cuba Committee, the A
Page 284 and 285:
Scott proposed a concept called “
Page 286 and 287:
enmeshed in intelligence matters, b
Page 288 and 289:
was mostly adopted by the right win
Page 290 and 291:
“Some hungry black hole in the CI
Page 292 and 293:
U.S., Cuban, and other intelligence
Page 294 and 295:
CHAPTER 8: OSWALD ON TELEVISION AND
Page 296 and 297:
more as an enigma than a flesh and
Page 298 and 299:
Oswald in custody, the film also pl
Page 300 and 301:
assassination of John F. Kennedy. I
Page 302 and 303:
een shattered…Somewhere a violin
Page 304 and 305:
who told you to go to Mexico?” 68
Page 306 and 307:
Kevin Costner declares that the ass
Page 308 and 309:
In the early scenes of the film, St
Page 310 and 311:
When Garrison returns to the screen
Page 312 and 313:
literature being carefully construc
Page 314 and 315:
declares “Y’all gotta start thi
Page 316 and 317:
and enter the second floor lunchroo
Page 318 and 319:
of a massive government plot. Howev
Page 320 and 321:
eforms. Gelb and other commentators
Page 322 and 323:
have happened, as against the compe
Page 324 and 325:
discussions in the Pentagon during
Page 326 and 327:
success of a historical film “has
Page 328 and 329:
fence on the knoll apparently weari
Page 330 and 331:
Bruce Weber of the New York Times n
Page 332 and 333:
questions “Who was Lee Harvey Osw
Page 334 and 335:
attempt. They touted the party line
Page 336 and 337:
very visible spokesman for his idea
Page 338 and 339:
he was hardly a strong advocate for
Page 340 and 341:
The Commission’s defenders often
Page 342 and 343:
intelligence establishment. The ske
Page 344 and 345:
grown up with these events and the
Page 346 and 347:
SOURCES 340
Page 348 and 349:
Salisbury, Harrison E. “For Some
Page 350 and 351:
Hofstadter, Richard. The Paranoid S
Page 352 and 353:
Scheim, David E. Contract on Americ
Page 354:
CURRICULUM VITAE Michael Moravitz g
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