Lesson 70 Performing Emergency First Aid Procedures

70 

What You’ll Learn 

1. Discuss steps to take when 

checking a victim. (p. 723) 

2. Analyze first aid procedures for 

choking. (p. 725) 


rescue breathing. (p. 728) 


shock. (p. 733) 


CPR. (p. 734) 


heart attack. (p. 739) 


wounds. (p. 740) 


poisoning and stroke. (pp. 744, 

748) 

Why It’s Important 

You never know when an 

emergency will happen. When you 

know first aid procedures, you 

will not panic, and you can 

respond quickly by giving the help 

that is needed. 

k Key Terms 

• victim assessment 

• universal distress signal 

• abdominal thrusts 

• rescue breathing 

• shock 

• cardiopulmonary resuscitation 

(CPR) 

• cardiac arrest 

• laceration 

• tetanus 

• nosebleed 

722 UNIT 11 • Injury Prevention and Personal Safety 

Photodisc/Getty Images 

Performing 

Emergency First Aid 

Procedures 

• I will be skilled in emergency first aid procedures. 

Actions taken when a person is seriously injured or suddenly becomes 

ill are called emergency first aid procedures. These first aid 

procedures keep the victim as safe as possible until 

trained medical personnel arrive, which could 

be a few minutes or a 

few hours. 

Writing About Emergencies Suppose you are on your way home from 

school one day and witness a motor vehicle accident on the street not far 

from your home. Two victims seem to have serious injuries. After reading the 

information about emergency first aid in this lesson, write an entry in your 

health journal explaining how you would respond to this situation. 

Health TEKS covered by Lesson 70: 1A, 1I, 5D, 6B, 7F, 12A, 16A

Acheck of the injured or medically ill person to determine if certain 

conditions are present is a victim assessment. Performing a victim 

assessment includes making sure that the victim has an open airway, 

the victim is breathing, and the victim’s heart is beating. Performing a victim 

assessment also includes checking to see if the victim is severely bleeding or 

if the victim has other injuries. 

What to Know About 

Checking a Victim 

Call the emergency number. If the victim 

is conscious, ask the victim what 

happened. A victim who is able to 

speak to you is breathing and has a 

pulse. If the victim does not respond, 

call the local emergency number and 

obtain medical care immediately. 

1. If the victim looks unconscious, 

tap the victim and shout loudly to 

see if he or she responds, as shown 

in Figure A. 

A 

tx.healthmh.com/checking_a_victim 

2. Check for breathing if the victim 

does not respond. Place your ear 

near his or her mouth and nose and 

look toward the victim’s chest, as 

shown in Figure B. Look for chest 

movement, listen and feel for air. 

3. If there are no signs of breathing, 

support the victim’s head and 

neck and position the victim on his 

or her back, as shown in Figure C 

on page 724. 

B 

Make the 

Connection 

First Aid For more 

information on 

performing common 

first aid procedures, 

see page 716 in 

Lesson 69. 

LESSON 70 • Performing Emergency First Aid Procedures 723 

Aaron Haupt

4. Tilt the head back and lift the chin 

of the victim. The victim’s mouth 

should be open, as shown in Figure 

D. Recheck for signs of breathing 

for 5 seconds. Repeat step 3. 

5. If there are still no signs of breathing, 

wear a face mask, shield, or 

some other type of barrier for protection, 

as shown in Figure E. 


D 

C 

E 

G 

F 

Follow the instructions provided 

with the mask. Blow two slow 

breaths of air into the victim’s 

mouth. 

6. Check the victim for signs of circulation, 

as shown in Figure F. 

Signs of circulation include normal 

breathing, coughing, movement or 

the presence of a pulse. 

7. Check the victim’s body for severe 

bleeding, as shown in Figure G. 

Be certain to follow universal precautions 

to avoid contact with the 

victim’s blood. Check for other 

injuries. If there is still no breathing 

or no circulation or if the victim 

is bleeding severely, make 

sure that professional medical 

care is on the way.

An emergency in which the airway is blocked is called choking. A piece of food or 

other small object may block the airway. A conscious victim will cough to try to 

dislodge the piece of food or object. 

First Aid for Choking 

If a victim can talk, the victim is getting 

enough air. Encourage the 

victim to continue trying to cough up 

the object. 

Call for help if the victim cannot 

cough or speak. If the victim cannot 

get enough air to talk or cough, or the 

cough is very weak, the airway is 

completely blocked. 

The victim may indicate that he or 

she is not breathing. The universal 

distress signal is a warning that a 

person is having difficulty breathing 

and is shown by clutching at the 

throat with one or both hands. 

The airway must be opened 

quickly when someone is choking. 

Abdominal thrusts are a series of 

thrusts to the abdomen that force air 

from the lungs to dislodge an object. 

The method of giving abdominal 

thrusts is different for adults, children, 

and infants. 

What to do if you are choking 

1. If possible, call the local emergency 

number and obtain medical 

care immediately. If you cannot 

speak, do not hang up. The emergency 

dispatcher can trace your 

call and send an ambulance to 

your location. Be aware that an 

emergency dispatcher cannot 

trace a call made from a cellular 

phone. Use a regular telephone if 

at all possible. 

tx.healthmh.com/choking 

2. Get the attention of someone 

around you. Use the universal distress 

signal if you are unable to 

speak. 

3. Give yourself abdominal thrusts if 

no one can help you. Make a fist 

with one hand, and grab the fist 

with your other hand, as shown in 

Figure A. Give yourself five quick 

abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure 

inward and push up toward your 

diaphragm in one smooth movement. 

Repeat until the object is 

dislodged. 

4. If a sturdy chair is available, push 

your body against the back of the 

chair, pushing between the waist 

and ribs. Hold onto the chair with 

your hands to push yourself back 

up. Repeat until the object is dislodged. 

A 

LESSON 70 • Performing Emergency First Aid Procedures 725

A 

What to Do if an Adult or 

Older Child is Conscious and 

Choking 

Call the emergency number. To 

obtain medical care immediately, call 

the local emergency number. Ask the 

victim if he or she is choking. Do not 

do anything if the victim can speak or 

cough easily. Encourage the victim to 

continue coughing to dislodge the 

object. 

1. If the victim is conscious but cannot 

speak, breathe, or cough, stand 

behind the victim and wrap your 

hand around the victim’s waist. 

Make a fist with one hand. Place 

the thumb side of the fist into the 

victim’s abdomen above the navel 

and below the rib cage, as shown in 

Figure A. Grab your fist with the 

other hand. 

2. Give five quick abdominal thrusts. 

Apply pressure inward and push up 

toward the victim’s diaphragm in 

one smooth movement, as shown in 

Figure B. Repeat the cycle of five 

abdominal thrusts until the object 

is dislodged. The victim may need 

rescue breathing after the object is 

dislodged. Rescue breathing is 

a way of breathing air into an 

unconscious victim who is not 


B 

breathing, but has a pulse. Pages 

728–732 explain how to perform 

rescue breathing on adults, older 

children, younger children, and 

infants. Stay with the victim and 

watch for breathing difficulties. 

What to Do if an Adult or 

Older Child is Unconscious 

and Choking 

1. Call the local emergency number 

and obtain medical care immediately. 

2. Roll the victim onto his or her back. 

Open the victim’s airway by lifting 

the victim’s chin while tilting the 

head back. Find the lower part of 

the victim’s breastbone and measure 

up the width of two fingers from 

that point 

3. Place the heel of your other hand 

directly over the heel of the first 

hand and interlock your fingers. Do 

no let your fingers touch the victim’s 

chest. 

4. Position your shoulders over your 

hands and lock your elbows 

straight. Exert pressure straight 

down. Compress the chest 15 times 

at a rate of about 100 compressions 

per minute. 

5. Look for an object in the victim’s 

mouth. If you see one, remove it. 

Place a face mask or shield over the 

victim’s face. Place your mouth over 

the mask and give two slow breaths. 

6. If air goes in and the victim’s chest 

rises, provide rescue breathing. If 

air does not go in, repeat the cycle 

of 15 chest compressions, a check 

for an object in the victim’s mouth, 

and two breaths until the object is 

dislodged.

What to Do if an Infant or 

Young Child is Choking 


and obtain medical care immediately, 

whether the infant or young 

child is conscious or unconscious. 

2. If the victim is coughing or crying, 

do not interfere. Coughing can 

help clear an airway. If the infant 

or young child has stopped coughing 

and the object has not come 

out, place the victim face up on 

your upper leg. Make certain that 

the victim’s head is lower than the 

rest of the victim’s body. Press two 

or three fingers in the center of the 

breastbone, as shown in Figure A. 

Give five quick chest thrusts. 

3. If the infant or young child cannot 

cough, cry, or breathe, place the 

victim facedown on your forearm 

or upper leg. Support the victim’s 

A B 

tx.healthmh.com/choking 

head by placing your hand around 

the lower jaw and chest. Use the 

heel of your other hand, as shown 

in Figure B, and give five quick 

blows to the victim’s back between 

the shoulder blades. 

4. Repeat chest thrusts and back 

blows until the object is dislodged. 

After each set of five chest thrusts 

and back blows, try to breathe into 

the mouth and nose of the infant 

or young child. If air goes in, provide 

rescue breathing. If not, continue 

giving another set of back 

blows and thrusts. 

5. If the infant or young child is 

unconscious and choking, use the 

chest compressions/rescue breaths 

first aid technique described in 

“What to Do if an Adult or Older 

Child is Unconscious and Choking” 

on page 726. 


A face mask or shield 

should be worn for rescue 

breathing. Place it between 

your mouth and nose and 

the victim’s mouth and nose. 

This helps prevent you from 

having contact with the 

victim’s bodily fluids. 

Avictim will become unconscious if he or she is without oxygen for only a few minutes. 

If the body is without oxygen, eventually the heart will stop beating and blood will stop 

circulating to body organs. The different body systems will fail and the victim will die. 

Rescue breathing is a way of breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing, 

but who has a pulse. Rescue breathing gives a victim the oxygen needed to stay alive. 

What to Know About Rescue 

Breathing 

Follow the instructions provided with 

the face mask or shield. The instructions 

might include: 


Aaron Haupt 

Adults and children 

1. Apply the rim of the mask between 

the victim’s lower lip and chin, thus 

pulling back the lower lip to keep 

the mouth open under the mask. 

2. Position the end marked “nose” over 

the victim’s nose. Seal the mask. 

3. Open the victim’s airway and blow 

slowly, as shown in Figure A. 

A 

4. Remove your mouth from the victim’s 

mouth to allow the victim to 

exhale. 

5. Continue until the chest rises. If 

the victim vomits, remove the 

mask and clear the victim’s airway. 

Reapply the mask. 

Infants 

Follow the same procedures, except 

reverse the mask so the end marked 

“nose” is under the infant’s chin.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to 

Adults and Older Children 


and obtain medical care 

immediately. 

2. Roll the victim on his or her back. 

Tilt the victim’s head back in the 

following way: Place one hand 

under the victim’s chin and lift up 

while pressing down on the victim’s 

forehead with your other 

hand, as shown in Figure A. 

3. Check to see if the victim has a 

pulse. To do this, use the hand that 

is supporting the chin to locate the 

Adam’s apple. Slide the tips of 

your fingers down into the groove 

beside the Adam’s apple, and feel 

for a pulse. 

4. If the victim has a pulse, proceed 

with rescue breathing. Tilt the head 

back slightly to open the airway. 

Pinch the victim’s nostrils shut. 

5. Use a face mask or shield for protection. 

Follow the instructions 

provided with the mask. Apply the 

mask. Open the victim’s airway. 

Breathe slowly into the victim, as 

shown in Figure B, giving two 

slow breaths. 

6. Remove your mouth between 

breaths. Watch to see if the victim’s 

chest slowly rises. 

7. Check the victim for signs of circulation, 

as shown in Figure C. 

Signs of circulation include a 

response to the two breaths that 

you have delivered, such as normal 

breathing, coughing, or movement. 

They also include the 

presence of a pulse. 

tx.healthmh.com/rescue_breathing 

A 

C 

B 


Breathing Once a 

person has stopped 

breathing, permanent 

brain damage or 

death may occur in 4 

to 6 minutes. 


D 

8. If the victim has a pulse, but is 

not breathing normally, give one 

slow, gentle breath, as shown in 

Figure D, about every 5 seconds. 

9. Each breath should last about 2 

seconds. 

10. Remove your mouth after each 

breath so the victim can exhale. 

11. Watch to see if the victim’s chest 

rises. 

12. Check for signs of circulation and 

breathing every minute, as 

shown in Figure E. 

13. Continue rescue breathing as 

long as the victim is not breathing, 

but has a pulse. 

14. If the victim does not have signs 

of circulation, the heart is not 

beating. Adults who stop breathing 

may have cardiac arrest and 

need cardiopulmonary resuscitation 

(CPR). Pages 734–738 

explain how to perform cardiopulmonary 

resuscitation on 

adults, older children, younger 

children, and infants. The pages 

also explain the ABCs of CPR. 

E 

Tips for Rescue Breathing When a 

person stops breathing, it is a serious 

emergency. There is the chance that 

you are the only person in the vicinity 

who can assist the victim. Here 

are several things to remember. 

A person can stop breathing for 

many reasons: accidents of all kinds, 

choking, drowning, suffocation, 

shock, poisonous gas, or other medical 

problems. 

Call for help or send someone for 

help, if possible, before beginning rescue 

breathing. 

Before beginning rescue breathing, 

do not loosen clothing or attempt to 

warm the victim. 

Unless the victim is lying in a dangerous 

area, do not move the victim. 

For instance, if a person is overcome 

by smoke or chemical gas or vapors, 

he or she should be moved to an area 

with uncontaminated air. Be sure to 

get permission before caring for a 

conscious victim. 

Rescue breathing classes are 

offered at many hospitals and schools, 

as well as the American Red Cross 

and the American Heart Association.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to 

Infants and Young Children 



immediately for an unconscious 

infant or child known to be at 

risk for heart problems. 

2. If you are alone, provide 1 

minute of care, then call the local 

emergency number quickly if the 

victim is younger than eight, is a 

drowning victim, or is a victim of 

cardiac arrest due to trauma or 

drug overdose. 


4. Tilt the victim’s head back 

slightly, as shown in Figure A. 

For an infant, the head should be 

tilted so the ears are lined up 

with the shoulders, as shown in 

Figure B. 

5. Follow the instructions provided 

with the mask. Apply the mask. 

6. Pinch a child’s nose and cover the 

mouth if the mask permits. 

7. For an infant, cover the mouth 

and nose with your mouth. 

8. Give two slow breaths. Each 

breath should be slow and gentle, 

lasting about 11 /2 seconds. 

9. Watch to see if the victim’s 

chest slowly rises, as shown in 

Figure C. 

10. Remove your mouth to allow the 

victim to exhale. 

11. Check the victim for signs of circulation. 

Signs of circulation 

include a response to the two 

breaths that you have delivered, 

such as normal breathing, coughing, 

or movement, and a pulse. 

tx.healthmh.com/rescue_breathing 

A 

B 

C 


Rescue breathing is 

taught as part of a 

CPR training course. 

12. If the victim has a pulse, but is 

not breathing, give one slow 

breath about every 3 seconds. 

Remove your mouth after each 

breath so the victim can exhale. 


breathing every minute, as 

shown in Figure D. Continue 

rescue breathing, as shown in 

Figure E, and look, listen, and 

feel for signs of circulation. Look 

for normal breathing, coughing, 


CORBIS 

D E 

or movement in response to rescue 

breaths. Feel for a pulse. 


of circulation (no response), the 

heart is not beating. Cardiopulmonary 

resuscitation (CPR) 

is needed. 

Breathing barrier Try to always use a 

barrier between you and the victim to 

reduce the risk of disease transmission 

when giving breaths.

Any serious injury or illness can lead to shock. Shock is a dangerous reduction in blood 

flow to the body tissues. The body organs fail to function properly when they do not 

receive oxygen. Shock can lead to collapse, coma, and death if untreated. Signs of 

shock include rapid, shallow breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness; 

weakness; and fainting. 

What to Know About First Aid 

for Shock 


and immediately obtain medical 

care for the victim. 

2. Have the victim lie down. 

3. Elevate the victim’s legs about 8 to 

12 inches above heart level, as 

shown in Figure A, unless you 

suspect head, neck, or back 

injuries or broken bones in 

the hips or legs. 

4. Leave the victim lying flat if you 

are unsure of the victim’s injuries. 

5. Improve the victim’s circulation by 

following the ABCs of caring for a 

shock victim. 

A 

Airway Keep the airway open. 

Breathing Perform rescue breathing 

if necessary. Remember to use a 

face mask or shield. 

Circulation If you have completed 

CPR training, perform CPR 

if the victim has no pulse. 

6. Control external bleeding. Wear 

protective gloves. 

7. Help the victim maintain normal 

body temperature. Cover the victim 

with a blanket if he or she is 

cold. Do not give the victim 

anything to eat or drink. 

tx.healthmh.com/shock LESSON 70 • Performing Emergency First Aid Procedures 733


Afirst aid technique that is used to restore heartbeat and breathing is called 

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR should be used only if you are trained 

to use it. The first aid procedures for CPR that are presented in this book follow 

general guidelines of the American Red Cross. Contact your local chapter of the American Red 

Cross to find out when CPR training classes are held. 

How to Give CPR to Adults and 

Older Children 

A 

1. Make a victim assessment. Use 

the ABCs of CPR to help you 

determine the need for CPR. 

Airway Open the victim’s airway. 

Breathing Perform rescue 

breathing if breathing has 

stopped. 

Circulation Perform CPR if a 

pulse is absent. 

Also, check to see if the victim is 

severely bleeding or if the victim 

has other injuries. 




4. Find the lower part of the victim’s 

breastbone and measure 

up the width of two fingers from 

that point. 

B

C 

5. Place the heel of your other hand 

directly over the heel of the first 

hand,as shown in Figure A. 

Interlock your fingers. Do not let 

them touch the victim’s chest. 


hands and lock your elbows 

straight, as shown in Figure B. 

Exert pressure straight down. 

Compress the chest 15 times at a 

rate of about 100 compressions 

per minute. 

7. Exert enough pressure to 

depress the breastbone 11 /2 to 2 

inches. Each compression forces 

blood from the heart to other 

parts of the body. 

8. Use a face mask or shield for 

protection. Follow the instructions 

provided with the mask. 

Apply the mask. 

9. Open the airway. Place your mouth 

on the mask that is over the victim’s 

face. Give two slow breaths. 


slowly rises, as shown in Figure C. 



exhale. 

tx.healthmh.com/CPR 

D 

12. Do three more sets of 15 compressions 

and two slow breaths, 

as shown in Figure D. 

13. Check for signs of circulation 

(response to the breath) and 

whether the victim is breathing, 

as shown in Figure E. Signs of 

circulation include normal 

breathing, coughing, movement 

in response to rescue breaths, 

and a pulse. 

14. If a victim is breathing, put him 

or her in the recovery position 

(on side); ensure airway is open. 


of circulation, continue sets of 15 

compressions and two slow 

breaths. Chest compressions 

should be at a rate of about 100 

compressions per minute. 

E 

Students can learn the 

basics of CPR in a class 

held at their school or 

in their community. 


Michael Newman/PhotoEdit

It is very important that cardiopulmonary 

resuscitation be started as 

soon as possible. If CPR is started 

within four minutes of collapse, a person 

has a 40 percent chance of survival. 

1. Make a victim assessment. Be 

sure that the victim has an open 

airway, the victim is breathing, 

and the victim’s heart is beating. 

Also, check to see if the victim is 

severely bleeding or if the victim 

has other injuries. 



immediately. 


4. Place the heel of one hand on the 

center of the victim’s breastbone, 

as shown in Figure A. 


hand, as shown in Figure B, to 

exert pressure straight down. 

6. Compress the chest five times at 

a rate of 100 compressions per 

minute. 

7. Wear a face mask or shield for 

protection. Follow the instructions 

provided with the mask. 

Apply the mask. 

8. Open the airway. Place your 

mouth on the mask that is over 

the victim’s face. Give one slow 

breath. 


slowly rises, as shown in 

Figure C. 

10. Remove your mouth from the 

victim’s mouth to allow the victim 

to exhale. 


How to Give CPR to Young Children 

11. Repeat sets of five compressions 

and one slow breath, as shown 

in Figure D, for about 1 minute 

(12 sets). 


whether the victim is breathing, 

as shown in Figure E. Signs of 

circulation include a pulse and 

normal breathing, coughing, or 

movement in response to CPR. 

13. If the victim does not have a 

pulse, continue sets of five compressions 

and one slow breath, 

as shown in Figure F. 

14. Recheck pulse and breathing 

every few minutes. 

15. If the victim is unconscious but 

is breathing, or if you are alone 

and have to leave the victim to 

get assistance, place the victim 

on his or her side in the recovery 

position. In the recovery position, 

a victim will have the hand 

of the upper arm tucked under 

the chin to keep the airway open 

should he or she vomit. The 

other arm, which will be flat on 

the ground, and the legs, which 

will be splayed, will keep the victim 

on his or her side. 

16. If, while the victim is in the 

recovery position, there are signs 

of loss of circulation in the lower 

arm, place the victim on his or 

her other side after 30 minutes. 

These signs may include the skin 

appearing pale, grayish in color 

or cool to the touch.

B 

A 

C 

tx.healthmh.com/CPR 

F 

D 

E 

Mini-Review 

1. What is rescue 

breathing? 

2. How should shock 

be treated? 



How to Give CPR to Infants 

1. Make a victim assessment. Make 

sure that the victim has an open 

airway, the victim is breathing, and 

the victim’s heart is beating. Also, 

check to see if the victim is severely 

bleeding or if the victim has other 

injuries. 



3. A person trained in CPR should roll 

the victim on to his or her back. 

Place the third and fourth fingers 

on the center of the victim’s breastbone. 

Compress the chest five times 

at a rate of about 100 compressions 

per minute, as shown in Figure A. 

4. Use a face mask or shield for protection. 

Follow the instructions 

provided with the mask. Apply the 

mask. Open the airway 

5. Place your mouth on the mask that 

is over the victim’s face. Give one 

slow breath. Watch to see if the victim’s 

chest slowly rises, as shown in 

Figure B. 



exhale. Repeat sets of five compressions 

and one slow breath, as 

shown in Figure C, for about 

1 minute. 

7. Check to see if there are signs 

of circulation (normal breathing, 

coughing, or movement) and 

whether the victim has a pulse. 

8. If there are no signs of circulation, 

continue sets of five compressions 

and one slow breath. 

9. Recheck for pulse and breathing 

every few minutes. 

A 

B 

C

The death of cardiac muscle caused by a lack of blood flow to the 

heart is called a heart attack. A blocked blood vessel prevents 

blood from getting to the heart tissue. Without blood, the heart 

tissue does not receive oxygen. This usually causes pain in the center of the 

chest, beneath the breastbone. Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops 

beating and blood stops flowing through the body. To prevent cardiac arrest, 

prompt action must be taken when there are warning signs of a heart attack. 

First Aid for Heart Attack 

1. Have the victim stop activity and 

rest in a comfortable position. 

2. Ask the victim about his or her 

condition. Does the victim have a 

history of heart disease? Is the victim 

taking any medications? 



4. Comfort the victim until help 

arrives. Help the person take the 

prescribed heart medication. 

5. Observe the victim for changes in 

condition. 

6. If cardiac arrest occurs, the victim 

is not breathing and has no pulse, 

a person who is trained in CPR 

should perform CPR and rescue 

breathing. 

Heart Attack Warning Signs 

The warning signs of a heart attack include: 

• persistent pain or pressure in the 

center of the chest that is not 

relieved by resting or changing 

position 

• pain that spreads from the center 

of the chest to the shoulder, arm, 

neck, jaw, or back 

tx.healthmh.com/heart_attack 

• dizziness 

• sweating 

• fainting 

• difficulty breathing 

A heart attack may 

come on suddenly and 

with no warning. 

• shortness of breath 

• pale or bluish skin color 

• moist face 

• irregular pulse. 


(tt)Photodisc/Getty Images, (c)Roy Morsch/CORBIS

Bleeding A person 

with a severe cut can 

bleed to death in a 

matter of minutes if 

he or she does not 

receive prompt first 

aid treatment. 

An abrasion is often 

referred to as a scrape. 

An injury to the body’s soft tissues is called a wound.A closed wound is an injury to 

the soft tissues under the skin. An open wound is an injury in which the skin’s 

surface is broken. There are many types of wounds. 

First Aid for Wounds 

Bruise A wound in which damage to 

soft tissues and blood vessels causes 

bleeding under the skin is a bruise. 

The tissues change color and swell. A 

bruise may appear red and then 

change to blue or purple. Large 

bruises may indicate serious damage 

to deeper body tissues. 

Incision A cut caused by a sharpedged 

object, such as a knife, razor, 

scissors, or broken glass is an incision. 

Bleeding from an incision may 

be heavy. There may be damage to 

large blood vessels, nerves, and deep 

soft body tissues if the cut is deep. 


Skip Comer 

Laceration A cut that causes a jagged 

or irregular tearing of the skin is a 

laceration. Bleeding from a laceration 

can be heavy. There is a risk of 

infection because foreign matter is 

forced through the skin. 

Abrasion A wound caused by rubbing 

or scraping away of the skin is an 

abrasion, or scrape. There is a risk 

of infection, as dirt and other matter 

can become ground into the wound. 

An abrasion may be painful if it 

exposes nerve endings. Bleeding is 

usually limited. 

Avulsion A wound in which the skin 

or other body tissue is separated or 

completely torn away is an avulsion. 

This injury may result in a piece of 

skin hanging as a flap. It may result 

in a body part, such as a finger, being 

completely torn from the body. 

Bleeding is heavy if deeper tissues 

are damaged. 

Puncture A wound that is produced 

when a pointed instrument pierces 

the skin is a puncture. A needle, 

nail, piece of glass, knife, or gunshot 

can cause a puncture wound. 

Puncture wounds do not usually 

bleed much unless a major blood vessel 

is damaged. The risk of infection 

from a puncture wound is high. A 

tetanus shot may be given if the 

victim has not had one recently.

How to Prevent Infection 

What is infection? A wound must 

be kept clean to prevent infection. 

An infection is a condition in 

which pathogens enter the body and 

multiply. 

Wash minor wounds with soap 

and water. Do not wash serious 

wounds that require medical care. 

Apply antibiotic ointment and cover 

the wound with a sterile bandage to 

keep the wound clean. Reapply 

antibiotic ointment and change 

bandages every day. 

Signs of infection Watch the wounded 

area closely for signs of infection. 

There may be swelling and redness. 

The wounded area may become warm, 

throb with pain, or discharge pus. 

Medical care Get medical care if the 

wound is deep and bleeding or if the 

wound appears to need stitches. Also 

seek medical care if there is a wound 

to the face or if the victim has been 

bitten by an animal or another person. 

Medical care is needed if you start to 

run a temperature above 100˚F; the 

area around the wound feels numb or 

has red streaks; you cannot move comfortably; 

or the wound is draining 

thick, creamy and grayish fluid. 

Alcohol and hydrogen peroxide are 

generally not recommended for open 

wounds since they are painful and 

tend to slow healing. 

How to prevent tetanus If you have 

ever stepped on a nail or been bitten 

by an animal, your physician may 

have given you a tetanus shot. Some 

wounds, especially puncture wounds, 

put you at risk for a tetanus infection. 

Tetanus, or lockjaw, is a disease 

caused by a type of bacteria that 

grows in the body and produces a 

tx.healthmh.com/injuries 

strong poison that affects the nervous 

system and muscles. 

A DTaP is an immunization given 

in childhood to protect against 

tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis 

(whooping cough). 

A booster shot is needed every five 

to ten years after the childhood 

series. A booster shot also is needed 

when a wound is caused by a dirty 

object, such as a rusty nail. 

How to Treat an Infection 

The following are four steps you can use to treat infection. 

1. Keep the area clean and soak it with warm water. 

2. Apply an antibiotic ointment. 

3. Elevate the infected area above the level of the heart. 

4. Seek medical attention. 

People are 

given an immunization 

against tetanus 

when they are 

children, but 

everyone needs 

a booster shot 

every five to ten 

years. 


Saturn Stills/Photo Researchers

How to Control Bleeding 

The first priority for any wound is 

to stop severe bleeding and prevent 

germs from entering the wound. A 

person with severe bleeding could 

bleed to death in a matter of minutes. 

1. If the bleeding is severe, call the 

local emergency number and 


2. Cover the wound with a clean cloth 

or sterile dressing and apply direct 

pressure with your hand, as shown 

in Figure A. 

3. Add more cloth if the blood soaks 

through, but do not remove the 

first piece of cloth. 

4. Do not remove any foreign objects 

that are lodged deep in the wound. 

5. If you do not suspect fractures, 

elevate the wounded body part 

above heart level, as shown in 

Figure B. This helps reduce blood 

flow to the area. 

6. Secure the cloth or sterile dressing 

with some type of bandage, as 

shown in Figure C. 

7. If the bleeding does not stop, continue 

to apply direct pressure to 

the wound. 

8. Locate the closest pressure point. 

The pressure point technique compresses 

the main artery that supplies 

blood to the affected body 

part. This technique stops circulation 

within the limb. 

9. It is important to remember that if 

the use of the pressure point technique 

is necessary, it should be 

used in conjunction with direct 

pressure and elevation. Using the 

pressure point technique to stop 

bleeding is not a substitute for 

direct pressure. 


A 

B 

C

How to Stop a Nosebleed 

A nosebleed is a loss of blood from the 

mucous membranes that line the nose. 

Most nosebleeds are caused by a blow 

to the nose or cracked mucous membranes 

in the nose. Nosebleeds also 

may occur due to blowing, sneezing, or 

picking the nose. Sometimes they may 

result from an allergy, infection, or a 

tumor. Nosebleeds usually are easy to 

control. If a nosebleed occurs without 

obvious cause or frequently, a physician 

should be consulted. 

1. Use protective gloves if you are 

assisting the victim. Have the victim 

sit with his or her head 

slightly forward and pinch the 

nostrils firmly together. Sitting 

slightly forward helps the blood 

flow toward the external opening 

of the nose instead of backward 

down the throat. 

2. The nostrils should be pinched 

firmly together for about five minutes 

before releasing. The victim 

Get medical help if a nosebleed is severe or prolonged. 

tx.healthmh.com/injuries 

should breathe through the mouth 

and spit out any blood in the mouth. 

3. An ice pack may be applied to the 

bridge of the nose. 

4. Repeat this procedure for another 

ten minutes and get medical help 

if the bleeding does not stop. 

What to Do When a Tooth is 

Knocked Out 

There are various recommendations 

on how to deal with a tooth that has 

been knocked out of its socket. 

1. If possible, have the victim gently 

insert and hold the knocked-out 

tooth in its socket. 

2. Otherwise, place the tooth in a cup 

of cold milk or in water if milk is not 

available. Do not touch the root of 

the tooth. 

3. The victim should see a dentist 

immediately. The sooner the tooth 

is placed back inside the socket, the 

better the chance it can be saved. 

Try to preserve a 

knocked-out tooth 

until you are able to 

get to a dentist. 

Mini-Review 

1. What is a heart 

attack? 

2. What is a 

puncture? 


(t)CORBIS, (b)Photodisc/Getty Images

Make the 

Connection 

Decisions Sometimes 

injuries occur when 

one does not make 

responsible decisions. 

For more information 

on making responsible 

decisions, see page 61 

in Lesson 6. 

Keep all poisonous 

household products out of 

the reach of children. 

Asubstance that causes injury, 

illness, or death if it enters the body is a 

apoison. Poisoning can occur when a person 

swallows a poison, breathes a poison, or has poison on the skin that is 

absorbed into the body. 

First Aid for Poisoning 

Causes of poisoning Most cases of poisoning 

occur when small children 

swallow medicines or products, such 

as cleaning solutions or pesticides. 

Some people are poisoned by certain 

foods, such as shellfish or mushrooms. 

Some substances cause poisoning in 

larger amounts; for example, a person 

can be poisoned by taking too many 

pills or by drinking too much alcohol 

too quickly. Combinations of drugs, 

such as alcohol and sleeping pills, can 

cause poisoning. 

Poisoning also can occur from 

breathing the fumes of household 

products, such as glue, paints, and 

cleaners. Certain gases, such as carbon 

monoxide, cause poisoning. 

Chlorine that is added to swimming 

pools is dangerous to breathe. Fumes 


(tt)Photodisc/Getty Images; (b)Garry Watson/Photo Researchers 

from certain drugs, such as crack 

cocaine, also can cause poisoning. 

Some poisons get on the skin and 

are absorbed into the body. Products, 

such as pesticides and fertilizers, can 

cause poisoning if they get on the 

skin. People using these products 

should wear gloves and protective 

clothing to prevent poisoning. They 

also should wear a mask to keep from 

breathing in fumes from these products. 

Poisons from plants, such as poison 

ivy and poison oak, also can get 

on the skin. These poisons are 

absorbed into the body and can cause 

a reaction in some people. 

Poisoning can occur when a needle 

is used to inject drugs into the body. 

Bites or stings from insects, spiders, 

bees, snakes, and marine life can 

cause poisoning. 

Warning signs of poisoning The signs 

of poisoning vary with the poison, but 

may include difficulty breathing, 

nausea, vomiting, chest and abdominal 

pain, sweating, and seizures. 

Skin rashes and burns on the lips or 

tongue also may indicate poisoning. 

What to do for poisoning The Poison 

Control Center will tell you whether 

or not to induce vomiting in the victim. 

Victims who have swallowed 

acid substances, bleach, or gasoline

products should not vomit. These 

substances can burn the esophagus, 

mouth, and throat if the victim vomits. 

Never induce vomiting in a victim 

who is drowsy or unconscious or who 

is having convulsions. You may be 

advised to dilute the poison by having 

the victim drink water or milk. 

Never try to give an unconscious 

victim anything by mouth, and do not 

try to neutralize the poison with 

lemon juice, vinegar, or any other 

substance, unless the Poison Control 

Center or a doctor tells you to do so. 

The victim may be advised to take 

activated charcoal. It is sometimes 

used when vomiting is not advised. 

Activated charcoal is a product used 

to absorb poisons that have been swallowed. 

It is sold in both liquid and 

powder forms at drugstores. It counteracts 

the effects of the poison. 

What to do if you touch a poisonous 

plant Touching poisonous plants, 

such as poison ivy, poison sumac, or 

poison oak, can result in skin redness, 

swelling, and itching. If you 

touch a poisonous plant: 

1. Wash the affected body parts with 

soap and water immediately. 

2. Remove any clothing that may 

have some of the poison on it. 

3. Use over-the-counter drugs to 

relieve itching, if needed. 

4. Call a physician if the reactions 

are severe. 

What to do for snakebites Poisoning 

can occur from being bitten by a poisonous 

snake, such as a coral snake 

or a pit viper. Examples of pit vipers 

are rattlesnakes, copperheads, and 

water moccasins. Symptoms of a bite 

from a poisonous snake include pain 

at the site of the wound, rapid pulse, 

tx.healthmh.com/poisoning 

dimmed vision, vomiting, and shortness 

of breath. The victim may experience 

shock and become unconscious. 

1. Treat for shock. 

2. Keep the victim still. This will 

reduce the speed with which the 

poison can travel through the body. 

3. Keep the bitten area below the 

level of the heart. 

4. Get prompt medical care. 

First Aid for Poisoning 

Follow these steps if you suspect someone has been poisoned: 

• Obtain medical care 

immediately. 

• Be cautious. Protect your 

health and safety. Do not 

risk injury. 

• Move the victim to a safe 

location, if possible and if 

necessary. 

• Treat the victim for lifethreatening 

emergencies. 

Airway: Keep the victim’s 

airway open. 

Breathing: Perform rescue 

breathing if necessary. 

Remember to use a face 

mask or shield. 

If a person is bitten by a 

poisonous snake, he or she 

should receive medical care 

immediately. 

Circulation: If you have been 

trained in CPR, perform CPR if 

the victim has no pulse. 

• Determine the type of poison. 

Ask the victim what type of 

poison it might be. Be on the 

lookout for empty bottles and 

containers or needles. 

Recognize fumes and odors 

that may be the cause. Are 

there bees, snakes, or poisonous 

plants in the area? Try to 

determine how much poison 

has been absorbed by the 

body and the time the poisoning 

occurred. 


Doug Wynn

Immediate Care 

Prompt medical 

attention is needed 

for a victim who does 

not know what stung 

him or her, has had 

a previous allergic 

reaction to a sting, 

has been stung on the 

face or neck, or has 

difficulty breathing. 

Antibiotic ointment 

helps to prevent infection 

from a tick bite. 

What to do for insect stings Stings 

from bees are one of the most common 

insect-related problems. Bee stings 

can create a serious health problem 

for people who are allergic. These people 

should carry medication to prevent 

a serious allergic reaction. They 

also should wear a medic alert tag. 

Most people do not have an allergic 

response to bee stings. If the person is 

known to be allergic to bees, or if the 

swelling is severe or covers a large 

area of the body, call the local emergency 

number and obtain medical 

care immediately. The bee will leave 

its stinger in the skin when it stings. 

Hornets, wasps, and yellow jackets do 

not leave stingers in the skin. 

1. Remove the stinger. Do not try to 

remove the stinger with a tweezer. 

The tweezer will force the bee’s 

venom into the body. Flick the 

stinger away with a nail file, fingernail, 

credit card, or a similar object. 

2. Place something cold over the area 

to relieve the pain. 


Geoff Butler 

What to do for spider bites Being bitten 

by a black widow spider can be 

deadly. A bite from this spider will 

produce a dull, numbing pain. 

Headache, muscular weakness, vomiting, 

and sweating also may occur. 


and obtain medical care for the 

victim immediately. 

2. Wash the bitten area with soap 

and water. 

3. Apply ice to relieve the pain. 

4. Get prompt medical help. An 

antivenin may be given. An 

antivenin is a medicine that 

reduces the effects of the poison. 

A bite from the brown recluse spider 

also is dangerous. A bite from this 

spider produces an open ulcer. Chills, 

nausea, and vomiting may follow. 

1. Wash the affected part with soap 

and water. 

2. Get prompt medical help. 

What to do for marine animal stings 

Stings from marine animals, such as 

the stingray, sea urchin, spiny fish, 

jellyfish, sea anemone, or man-of-war 

can cause serious allergic reactions. 

Breathing difficulties, heart problems, 

and paralysis may result. Call 

the local emergency number and 


Stings from a stingray, sea urchin, or 

spiny fish: 

1. Remove the victim from the water 

as soon as possible. 

2. Remove the stingray, sea urchin, 

or spiny fish. 

3. Flush the injured area with water. 

4. Do not move the injured part. 

5. Soak the injured area in hot water 

for 30 minutes to relieve pain.

6. Clean the injured area and apply 

a bandage. 

7. Seek medical attention. A tetanus 

shot may be required. 

Stings from a jellyfish, sea anemone, 

or man-of-war: 

1. Remove the victim from the 

water as soon as possible. 

2. Soak the injured area in vinegar as 

soon as possible. Vinegar offsets 

the effects of the toxin from the 

sting. Rubbing alcohol or baking 

soda can be used if vinegar is not 

available. 

3. Do not rub the wound. Rubbing 

spreads the toxin and increases 

pain. 

What to do for tick bites A tick is an 

insect that attaches itself to any 

warm-blooded animal. It feeds on the 

blood of the animal. There is great 

concern about diseases spread by 

ticks. Two such diseases are Lyme 

disease and Rocky Mountain spotted 

fever. Lyme disease is a bacterial 

disease transmitted through a tick. 

The ticks that spread Lyme disease 

are those found on field mice and 

How to Remove a Tick 

A tick should always be removed from the body. 

• Grasp the tick with tweezers as close to the skin 

as possible. Use a glove or plastic wrap to protect 

your fingers if you do not have tweezers. 

• Pull the tick slowly away from the skin. 

• Wash the area and your hands with soap and water. 

• Apply an antibiotic ointment or antiseptic to the 

area to prevent infection. 

tx.healthmh.com/poisoning 

deer. The ticks are very small. The 

bacteria that cause Lyme disease are 

transmitted through the bite of an 

infected tick. A rash starts and 

spreads to approximately seven 

inches across. The center of the rash 

is light red and the outer ridges are 

darker red and raised. A victim may 

have fever, headaches, and weakness. 

Prompt medical attention is needed. 

Antibiotics are used for treatment. 

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is 

a potentially life-threatening disease 

carried by a tick. Cases of this disease 

are not confined to the Rocky 

Mountain region. Symptoms include 

high fever, weakness, rash, leg pains, 

and coma. Prompt medical attention 

is needed. Antibiotics are used for 

treatment. 

Ticks can spread Lyme 

disease and Rocky 

Mountain spotted fever. 

Tick Bite Do not 

put nail polish or 

petroleum jelly on a 

tick bite. Do not try 

to kill the tick by 

burning it with a 

match. These are not 

appropriate first aid 

procedures. 

• Save the tick in a jar and watch for signs of infection 

for the next several weeks. 

• Obtain medical help if the tick cannot be removed 

or if part of it remains under the skin. Medical help 

also is needed if signs of Lyme disease or Rocky 

Mountain spotted fever develop. 


Larry West/Photo Researchers

Stroke Warning Signs 

The damage that occurs during a 

stroke depends on the part of the 

brain that is affected. A victim may 

suffer loss of vision or have slurred 

speech. Body parts can become paralyzed, 

often affecting one side of the 

body, including the face, torso, and 

one arm or leg. Sometimes blood cannot 

flow to the parts of the brain that 

control heart rate or breathing, and 

death results. Other times a patient 

may remain conscious, but confused. 

To prevent disability and death, 

prompt action must be taken when 

there are signs of stroke. 

First aid for stroke involves these steps: 


and obtain medical care for the 

victim immediately. 

A stroke victim may be conscious or unconscious. The warning signs of a 

stroke include: 

• slowed breathing rate 

• unequal size of pupils in the 

eyes 

• slurred speech 


Photodisc/Getty Images 

Acondition caused by a blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain is called a stroke. 

A stroke can occur when a clot moves through the bloodstream and lodges in the 

brain. A clot can form inside one of the arteries in the brain, or a blood vessel in the 

brain can burst. A head injury or tumor may cause an artery to burst. Blood cannot get to all 

parts of the brain, resulting in the injury or death of some brain tissue. 

What to Know About First Aid 

for Stroke 

• paralysis on one side of the 

body 

• blurred vision 

• complaints of severe 

headache 

A stroke is caused 

by a blocked or 

broken blood vessel 

in the brain. 

2. Keep the victim lying down with 

his or her head and shoulders 

raised to relieve the force of blood 

on the brain. 

3. Check the airway. Keep the victim’s 

air passage open. 

4. Position the victim on his or her 

side if there is fluid or vomit in the 

mouth. 

5. Do not give the victim anything to 

drink. 

6. Comfort the victim until help 

arrives.

70 

STUDY 

GUIDE 

abdominal thrusts 

bruise 

cardiac arrest 

cardiopulmonary 

resuscitation 

(CPR) 

heart attack 

laceration 

nosebleed 

rescue breathing 

shock 

tetanus 

universal distress 

signal 

victim assessment 

k Key Terms Review 

Complete these fill-in-the-blank statements with the lesson Key Terms on the left. Do not write in 

this book. 

1. First, check for bleeding when doing a(n) 

_____ because victims may bleed to 

death. 

2. Perform _____ on a victim who is choking 

and having trouble speaking. 

3. Perform _____ after you are certain the 

victim is not breathing. 

4. If a victim does not have a pulse, perform 

_____ by performing continuing sets of 15 

compressions and two slow breaths. 

5. _____ occurs when the heart stops 

beating. 

Recalling the Facts 

11. What are emergency first aid procedures? 

12. What are some things to look for when 

giving a victim assessment? 

13. What is rescue breathing? 

14. How should you perform abdominal 

thrusts on an unconscious adult victim? 

Critical Thinking 

19. Explain why choking is an emergency. 

20. Why is it important to check for various 

signs of circulation, rather than just check 

for a pulse on an unconscious victim? 

21. Why is it important to follow universal precautions 

when administering first aid to a 

bleeding victim? 

22. Why is treating for shock important when 

an accident victim may appear to have 

nothing wrong with him or her? 

Activities 

Responsible Decision Making 

27. Infer A friend falls down the stairs at 

your house and is bleeding. Should you 

wear the gloves in the first aid kit to give 

first aid? Write a response to this situation. 

Refer to the Responsible Decision-Making 

Model on page 61 for help. 

Visit tx.healthmh.com/study_guide for more review questions. 

6. A(n) _____ is loss of blood from the 

mucous membranes that line the nose. 

7. A(n) _____ is a warning that a person has 

difficulty breathing and is shown by clutching 

at the throat with one or both hands. 

8. A(n) _____ is a cut that causes a jagged 

tearing of the skin. 

9. _____ is a dangerous reduction in blood 

flow to the body tissues. 

10. _____ is caused by bacteria that produce 

a strong poison that affects the nervous 

system and muscles. 

15. What are the ABC’s of CPR? 

16. List seven warning signs that might indicate 

a heart attack. 

17. What is a laceration? 

18. Describe first aid for a bee sting. 

Real-Life Applications 

23. What precautions can be taken to protect 

against poisoning in your home? 

24. What would you do if you suspected someone 

was having a heart attack? 

25. How would you determine if a person was 

in shock due to an illness or injury? 

26. Explain why you should wash the affected 

area if you think you have come in contact 

with a poisonous plant. 

Sharpen Your Life Skills 

28. Advocate for Health Have a family 

discussion about the importance of having 

a first aid kit at home. With your parents’ 

or guardians’ approval, make or purchase a 

first aid kit. Place it where your family has 

decided it should be kept. 

LESSON 70 • Study Guide 749 

Aaron Haupt

11 

STUDY 

GUIDE 

k Key Terms Review 

Match the following definitions with the correct vocabulary words. Do not write in this book. 

a. actual consent (p. 710) 

b. assault (p. 657) 

c. bullying (p. 676) 

d. first aid (p. 708) 

e. flash flood (p. 652) 

f. heatstroke (p. 726) 

g. prestige crime (p. 700) 

h. probation (p. 667) 

1. an injury that occurs from repeated physical movements 

2. a flood that occurs suddenly 

3. a physical attack or threat of attack 

i. repetitive strain injury 

(p. 642) 

j. sexual harassment (p. 692) 

k. tetanus (p. 741) 

l. weapon (p. 704) 

4. a sentence in which an offender remains in the community under the supervision of a probation 

officer for a specific period of time 

5. an attempt to hurt or frighten people who are smaller or perceived to be weaker 

6. unwanted sexual behavior, including making sexual comments 

7. a crime committed to gain status from other gang members 

8. an instrument or device used for fighting 

9. the immediate and temporary care given to an injured or ill person 

10. caused by a type of bacteria that affects the nervous system and muscles 

Recalling the Facts 

11. Why should infants sit in a child safety seat in the back seat of a motor vehicle? (Lesson 61) 

12. What actions should you take if you hear the siren for a tornado warning? (Lesson 62) 

13. What are five risk behaviors for violence? (Lesson 63) 

14. How do people develop a moral code? (Lesson 64) 

15. What are five ways you can be safe in public places? (Lesson 65) 

16. Why do many victims of violence need a complete medical examination? (Lesson 66) 

17. What are some reasons teens join gangs? (Lesson 67) 

18. Why should you not carry a weapon to school? (Lesson 68) 

19. What should you do to treat a second-degree burn? (Lesson 69) 

20. What should you do if you are alone and choking? (Lesson 70) 

Critical Thinking 

21. Why should you wear a safety belt even if a motor vehicle has air bags? (Lesson 61) 

22. Why is it crucial to make preparations before severe weather occurs? (Lesson 62) 

23. Why might a person with passive behavior become a perpetrator of violence? (Lesson 63) 

24. Why do some teens rebel? (Lesson 64) 

25. Why might some people blame victims even when they are not at fault? (Lesson 65) 

26. What should you do if you are sexually harassed? (Lesson 66) 

27. How can teens avoid gangs and violence? (Lesson 67) 

28. What are the consequences of taking a gun to school? (Lesson 68) 

29. Why is it important to be aware of Good Samaritan laws? (Lesson 69) 

30. Why is it important to take universal precautions while performing first aid? (Lesson 70) 

750 UNIT 11 • Injury Prevention and Personal Safety tx.healthmh.com/vocabulary_puzzlemaker 

(t)Photodisc/Getty Images, (b)Garry Watson/Photo Researchers

Health Literacy Activities 

What Do You Know? 

Problem Solving Make a “Wheel of Misfortune.” 

Draw a circle on a piece of paper and divide it into 

ten sections. In each section write a “misfortune” related to 

each lesson in this unit. Exchange wheels with classmates and 

analyze strategies for responding to each “misfortune.” 

Connection to Literature 

Critical Thinking Identify a literary work (novel, 

poem, or short story) that deals with injury prevention 

and personal safety problems. Describe the problem(s) in 

the literary work, how the characters handled the problem(s), 

and how you might handle the problem(s) differently. 

Family Involvement 

Responsible Citizenship Review Lessons 69 and 

70 with family members. With which first aid procedures 

are family members familiar? With which are they not 

familiar? What ways can your family improve their knowledge 

of first aid procedures? Write a one-page paper on the answers 

to these questions. 

Standardized Test Practice 

Read the following selection and answer the questions that follow. 

Scientists have identified personal and social 

characteristics of both bullies and those who 

often become their victims. Bullies tend to be 

hotheaded, lack the ability to understand other 

people’s feelings, frequently dislike rules, and 

become frustrated easily. Victims are often 

insecure, cautious, and have a hard time 

asserting themselves with other students. 

Bullies tend to be aggressive and have positive 

attitudes toward violence. Victims, especially 

boys, are often physically weaker and smaller 

than average. Bullies’ families may lack effective 

supervision or use overly harsh punishment. 

Victims may come from families in which 

parents are over-protective. Finally, bullies’ 

friends are often bullies themselves. Victims, 

however, can lack close friends and be “loners.” 

tx.healthmh.com/standardized_test_practice 

Investigating Health Careers 

Effective Communication Obtain permission 

from your parent or guardian to interview a professional 

who works within the injury prevention and safety field 

(police officer, firefighter, EMT, counselor, etc.). Ask questions 

about why he or she chose that career, what he or she likes 

most and least about working in that field, what kinds of problems 

he or she sees, and what he or she wishes teenagers 

knew. Write an article about the interview for your school 

newspaper or a teen magazine. Obtain permission from school 

officials and/or parents to publish it. 

Group Project 

Self-Directed Learning Have students form groups 

to check the library for statistics about injuries or 

deaths caused by various weapons during the past year. Have 

the groups come together and chart the information to share 

with classmates. Visit tx.healthmh.com/violence 

for more 

information. 

Reading and Writing TAKS: 1:6B, 3:7E, 3:10B, 3:12A, 

4:1C, 4:2C, 5:2C, 5:3A, 5:3B, 5:3C, 6:2C 

Multiple Choice 

Reading 

&Writing 

1 In this paragraph, the words asserting themselves mean 

A understanding the feelings of others 

B making friends 

C standing up for one’s rights and opinions 

D keeping up 

2 Which organizational framework does the author use in this 

paragraph? 

A comparing and contrasting bullies’ families and 

victims’ families 

B comparing and contrasting bullies and their victims 

C chronological order 

D moving from general ideas to specific examples 

Open-Ended 

3 Think about a bullying experience you have witnessed. How 

suitable do you feel the scientists’ findings are to the situation 

you witnessed? Explain your answer. 

UNIT 11 • Study Guide 751 

(l)Photodisc/Getty Images, (cl)Aaron Haupt, (others)Matt Meadows

Lesson 70 Performing Emergency First Aid Procedures

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