Figure 3. Graph of students’ performance, circles: verbal resp<strong>on</strong>se; squares: motor resp<strong>on</strong>se. the computer. It appeared that students did not underst<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> that they were expected to resp<strong>on</strong>d to the questi<strong>on</strong> prior to see<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g the screen with photographs of three items paired with the verbal record<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g nam<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g each item. After 12 trials for each student, a verbal directi<strong>on</strong>, “What do you say?” was <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>serted by the 56 / <str<strong>on</strong>g>Educati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Tra<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Developmental</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Disabilities</str<strong>on</strong>g>-March 2005 <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structor follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g the cashier’s questi<strong>on</strong>. Figure 3 <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>dicates an immediate <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>crease <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> percentage of correct resp<strong>on</strong>ses for each student follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g the adaptati<strong>on</strong> (<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>dicated by two slash marks <strong>on</strong> the graph). Number of errors after the prompt was also calculated. Dur<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g 0 s delay, no errors oc-
curred after the prompt. Dur<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g 3 s delay, 3.5% errors were committed after the prompt for David, 7.1% for Hannah, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 11.3% for Joseph. Joseph had difficulty resp<strong>on</strong>d<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g to the c<strong>on</strong>troll<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g prompt for motor resp<strong>on</strong>ses while Hannah’s errors occurred follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g the c<strong>on</strong>troll<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g prompt for verbal resp<strong>on</strong>ses. Discussi<strong>on</strong> Results <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>dicate that verbal skills <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> fast food restaurant purchas<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g skills can be taught to students with moderate to severe <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tellectual disabilities through CBVI. Each student learned to resp<strong>on</strong>d correctly to requests of cashiers <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> complete motor skills for obta<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g items across three restaurants. Although the study supports the computer-based, video program as an <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terventi<strong>on</strong> for teach<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g verbal skills, these skills were limited to order<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g three generic food <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> dr<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>k items <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> answer<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g the locati<strong>on</strong> for c<strong>on</strong>sum<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g items (“here”). Generalizati<strong>on</strong> sessi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> the community, follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g CBVI, dem<strong>on</strong>strated the need for additi<strong>on</strong>al verbal skills, <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>clud<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g: reject<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g items <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>correctly suggested by the cashier; cancel<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g part of an order; <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> nam<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g specific items. In additi<strong>on</strong> to extend<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g students’ verbal repertoire, future research should c<strong>on</strong>t<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ue to evaluate use of computerbased <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong> as a “st<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> al<strong>on</strong>e” means to deliver <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong>. Us<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g a c<strong>on</strong>stant time delay procedure, the current computer program delivered the c<strong>on</strong>troll<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g prompt <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> for motor resp<strong>on</strong>ses, the computer program <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>dependently advanced the program dependent <strong>on</strong> student resp<strong>on</strong>ses. However, dur<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g verbal resp<strong>on</strong>ses, the <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structor advanced the program to a subsequent screen, which then provided re<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>forcement to the resp<strong>on</strong>se or delivered the c<strong>on</strong>troll<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g prompt. To <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>crease the usefulness of computer-based programs to deliver <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong>, features such as speech recogniti<strong>on</strong> may be <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>corporated <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> evaluated <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> future research. Further, some motor skills may not be as effectively taught us<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g observati<strong>on</strong> al<strong>on</strong>e through computer-based <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong>. For example, <strong>on</strong>ly David was able to locate a napk<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g CBVI. Unlike pay<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g for items <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> putt<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g change <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> the wallet, the computerbased, video program required students to touch a photograph <strong>on</strong> the screen to <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>dicate which motor skill to perform next, however, students did not actually perform the motor task dur<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g CBVI. Future research may exam<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e use of simulati<strong>on</strong> plus community-based <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong> to teach skills requir<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g specific motor resp<strong>on</strong>ses not readily replicated through computer-based simulati<strong>on</strong>. In additi<strong>on</strong>, future research should evaluate CBVI to teach skills across more formal or complex restaurants. Additi<strong>on</strong>al skills such a social behaviors (e.g. us<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g a napk<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>) <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> social communicati<strong>on</strong> skills (e.g., appropriately enter<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g a c<strong>on</strong>versati<strong>on</strong>) should be <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>cluded thereby teach<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g a cha<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>dependent skills needed with<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> restaurant <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> community sett<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>gs. When faced with limited ability to travel to community sett<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>gs to teach skills, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> the need for repetitive practice, presentati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong> through multimedia programs appears to be an effective means for replicat<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g life-like scenarios with<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> a simulated, classroom envir<strong>on</strong>ment. Of <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terest will be the applicati<strong>on</strong> of more advanced technology features as they become more readily available <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>corporated <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>to special educati<strong>on</strong> programs. References Ayres, K. M., & Lang<strong>on</strong>e, J. (2002). Acquisiti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> generalizati<strong>on</strong> of purchas<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g skills us<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g a video enhanced computer-based <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong>al package. Journal of Special <str<strong>on</strong>g>Educati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> Technology, 17, 15–28. Bates, P. E., Cuvo, T., M<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>er, C. A., & Korabek, C. A. (2001). Simulated <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> community-based <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>volv<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g pers<strong>on</strong>s with mild <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> moderate mental retardati<strong>on</strong>. Research <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Developmental</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Disabilities</str<strong>on</strong>g>, 22, 95–115. Berg, W. K., Wacker, D. P., McMan<strong>on</strong>, C., Ebbers, B., Henrys<strong>on</strong> K., & Clyde, C. (1989–90). Visual cues as a means to direct the behavior of others <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> community sett<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>gs. Nati<strong>on</strong>al Forum of Special <str<strong>on</strong>g>Educati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> Journal, 1, 26–43. Bill<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>gsley, F. F., White, O. R., & Muns<strong>on</strong>, R. (1980). Procedural reliability: A rati<strong>on</strong>ale <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> an example. Behavioral Assessment, 2, 229–241. Branham, R. S., Coll<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>s, B. C., Schuster, J. W., & Kle<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ert, H. (1999). Teach<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g community skills to students with moderate disabilities: Compar<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g comb<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed techniques of classroom simulati<strong>on</strong>, videotape model<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> community-based <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong>. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Educati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Tra<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mental Retardati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Developmental</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Disabilities</str<strong>on</strong>g>, 34, 170–181. Browder, D. M., Snell, M. E., & Wild<strong>on</strong>ger, B. A. (1988). Simulati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> community-based <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>structi<strong>on</strong> of vend<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g mach<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>es with time delay. Educa- Computer-Based Video Instructi<strong>on</strong> / 57
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