Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities - Division on ...
Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities - Division on ...
Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities - Division on ...
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the participants when they dem<strong>on</strong>strated accurate<br />
use of the strategy. Corrective feedback<br />
was provided when a particular step was not<br />
completed correctly <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> the tra<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>er dem<strong>on</strong>strated<br />
a correct resp<strong>on</strong>se.<br />
Dur<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g tra<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g, the observer collected data<br />
<strong>on</strong> the students’ use of self-m<strong>on</strong>itor<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
frequency of follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g directi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> the general<br />
educati<strong>on</strong> class. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Tra<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>t<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ued until<br />
the student dem<strong>on</strong>strated mastery of the target<br />
by ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ta<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g at least 80% correct resp<strong>on</strong>ses<br />
of the target behavior.<br />
Ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tenance. After each participant dem<strong>on</strong>strated<br />
an 80% mastery criteri<strong>on</strong> of selfm<strong>on</strong>itor<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g<br />
directi<strong>on</strong> follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g for three c<strong>on</strong>secutive<br />
sessi<strong>on</strong>s, direct <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terventi<strong>on</strong> was<br />
withdrawn. No further praise or feedback was<br />
delivered but the tra<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>er c<strong>on</strong>t<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ued to give<br />
students a self-m<strong>on</strong>itor<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g card at the beg<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>n<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g<br />
of each class period if they had not<br />
brought the forms to class. Ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tenance data<br />
were collected two times per week by the observer<br />
for <strong>on</strong>e to three m<strong>on</strong>ths follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g withdrawal<br />
of tra<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g. Time <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tenance depended<br />
up<strong>on</strong> the order <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> which students<br />
went through the <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terventi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Results<br />
Interobserver Agreement<br />
Two agreement measures were calculated.<br />
First, a procedural reliability of 100% was calculated<br />
for the teach<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g procedure. The<br />
tra<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>er followed all steps of the teach<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g procedure<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> all 25 sessi<strong>on</strong>s observed. Sec<strong>on</strong>d,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terobserver agreement scores were obta<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed<br />
for approximately 25% of the sessi<strong>on</strong>s across<br />
all of the experimental c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. A po<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>t-bypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>t<br />
agreement ratio rang<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g 90 to 100%,<br />
with a mean of 95% was reported.<br />
Student Performance<br />
Figure 1 displays performance data across all<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s for students <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Group 1. Performance<br />
data for students <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Group 2 are displayed<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Figure 2.<br />
Group 1<br />
Basel<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e. JB resp<strong>on</strong>ded c<strong>on</strong>sistently at a<br />
low level of performance. JB performed between<br />
7% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 11% of the steps, with a mean<br />
of 9%. Dur<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g n<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e basel<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e sessi<strong>on</strong>s, JT correctly<br />
completed between 10% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 20% of<br />
the steps for follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g directi<strong>on</strong>s, with a mean<br />
of 13% correctly completed steps. Last, WH<br />
correctly completed between 13% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 25%<br />
for 12 basel<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e sessi<strong>on</strong>s, with a mean of 23%<br />
correctly completed steps.<br />
Interventi<strong>on</strong>. Dur<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terventi<strong>on</strong>, JB correctly<br />
completed between 33% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 100% of<br />
the steps of the task analysis for follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g<br />
directi<strong>on</strong>s, with a mean of 71% correctly completed<br />
steps. JB reached the criteri<strong>on</strong> level of<br />
80% after the fourth <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terventi<strong>on</strong> sessi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ta<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed that level for three c<strong>on</strong>secutive<br />
sessi<strong>on</strong>s. JT correctly completed between 28%<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 84% of the sessi<strong>on</strong>s. JT performed at a<br />
mean level of 63%. JT reached the criteri<strong>on</strong><br />
level after the fifth <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terventi<strong>on</strong> sessi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ta<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed that level for three c<strong>on</strong>secutive<br />
sessi<strong>on</strong>s. Last, WH correctly completed between<br />
60% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 92%, with mean of 77% correctly<br />
completed steps. WH reached the criteri<strong>on</strong><br />
level of 80% after the fourth <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terventi<strong>on</strong><br />
sessi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ta<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed that level for three<br />
c<strong>on</strong>secutive sessi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tenance. Dur<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tenance, JB correctly<br />
completed between 96% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 100% of<br />
the steps, with a mean of 99%. Ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tenance<br />
data were collected for two <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e-half<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths. JT correctly completed between 72%<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 96% of the steps of the task analysis, with<br />
a mean of 84%. JT was <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tenance for<br />
n<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tenance sessi<strong>on</strong>s over <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>ehalf<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ths. Last, WH correctly completed<br />
between 88% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 100% of the steps directi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
for the five ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>tenance sessi<strong>on</strong>s, over <strong>on</strong>e<br />
m<strong>on</strong>th. WH had a mean of 93% correctly<br />
completed steps.<br />
Group 2<br />
8 / <str<strong>on</strong>g>Educati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Tra<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Developmental</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Disabilities</str<strong>on</strong>g>-March 2005<br />
Basel<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e. CS c<strong>on</strong>sistently performed the<br />
target behavior at a low level of frequency. CS<br />
correctly completed between 7% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 14% of<br />
follow<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g directi<strong>on</strong>s resp<strong>on</strong>ses, with a mean of<br />
11% correctly completed steps. GS correctly<br />
completed between 11% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 20% of the<br />
steps, with a mean of 14%. Last, AH correctly<br />
completed between 4% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 40% of the steps<br />
with a mean of 15%.<br />
Interventi<strong>on</strong>. Dur<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>terventi<strong>on</strong>, CS correctly<br />
completed between 20% <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 86% of<br />
the steps, with a mean of 55%. CS reached the