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when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong> washes h<strong>and</strong>s after toileting. Mr.<br />
[teacher’s name] thinks <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong> is cool when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
pers<strong>on</strong> washes h<strong>and</strong>s after toileting. Ms. [teacher’s<br />
name] thinks <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong> is lovely when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong><br />
washes h<strong>and</strong>s after toileting”) that included a<br />
perspective of o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs who were specific (specificity<br />
parameter) <strong>and</strong> valuable (likeability parameter)<br />
to Tatsunori <strong>and</strong> that emerged c<strong>on</strong>tingent<br />
<strong>on</strong> engaging in his target behaviors<br />
(c<strong>on</strong>tingency parameter).<br />
Theoretically, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> perspectives of o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs<br />
who are specific <strong>and</strong> valuable to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> student<br />
are more likely to be meaningful. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rmore,<br />
describing o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs’ perspectives that occur<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tingent <strong>on</strong> a target behavior are much<br />
more helpful in underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> meaning<br />
of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behavior being exhibited (Gray, 2004).<br />
Therefore, using a perspective sentence describing<br />
a specific, valuable, <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tingent<br />
perspective is more likely to be effective in<br />
improving target behaviors. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> negative<br />
side needs to be noted, too. For example,<br />
using <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> perspective of a pers<strong>on</strong> specific to<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual may hinder generalizati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
behavior change. Therefore, if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> goal of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> is to enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual to use<br />
a skill in a variety of situati<strong>on</strong>s, using a perspective<br />
of a pers<strong>on</strong> less specific to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual<br />
may be appropriate.<br />
It cannot be emphasized enough that we<br />
did not dem<strong>on</strong>strate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effectiveness of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
parameter change in this study. In additi<strong>on</strong> to<br />
changing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> parameters of Social Stories, we<br />
changed participants from Study 1 to Study 2.<br />
Taro <strong>and</strong> Kenji in Study 1 were diagnosed with<br />
or scored in a range of autism, whereas Tatsunori<br />
in Study 2 was diagnosed with ADHD.<br />
Adding a perspective sentence may have<br />
changed Tatsunori’s h<strong>and</strong>-washing, not because<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> parameters of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> perspective sentences<br />
were changed to be specific, valuable,<br />
<strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tingent but because he was more motivated<br />
by o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs’ perspectives than Taro <strong>and</strong><br />
Kenji, who was diagnosed with or c<strong>on</strong>sidered<br />
to have autism. Many more participants with<br />
autism spectrum disorders <strong>and</strong> related disabilities<br />
need to be studied to determine if using<br />
a sentence including more specific, valuable,<br />
<strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tingent perspective is effective in improving<br />
any type of adaptive behaviors in any<br />
situati<strong>on</strong>s. Not <strong>on</strong>ly comp<strong>on</strong>ent analyses (e.g.,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effect of perspective sentences) but also<br />
parametric analyses (e.g., <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effect of speci-<br />
ficity, c<strong>on</strong>tingency, <strong>and</strong> likeability parameters)<br />
warrant future research.<br />
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