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etadd_46(4) - Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities

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TABLE 1—(C<strong>on</strong>tinued)<br />

Overview of H<strong>and</strong>held Technology<br />

Research Design Setting Results<br />

Author(s) Participants Target Skill<br />

(Dependent Variable)<br />

Community settings Independent task<br />

completi<strong>on</strong> using the<br />

PDA. Maintenance up to<br />

Multiple probe across<br />

tasks<br />

Independent task<br />

completi<strong>on</strong> of<br />

progressively more<br />

n 4CA 18-19yrs<br />

Moderate ID<br />

Cihak, Kessler, & Alberto<br />

(2007)<br />

9 weeks.<br />

difficult tasks<br />

Self-model pictures <strong>on</strong> the<br />

PDA resulted in increased<br />

task engagement &<br />

decreased teacher<br />

ABAB Middle school<br />

general educati<strong>on</strong><br />

classrooms<br />

Self-m<strong>on</strong>itoring of<br />

task engagement<br />

n 3CA 11-13yrs<br />

High functi<strong>on</strong>ing<br />

autism<br />

Cihak, Wright, & Ayres<br />

(2010)<br />

prompts.<br />

Use of PDA with specially<br />

designed software<br />

incorporating decisi<strong>on</strong><br />

points resulted in<br />

increased independence<br />

& accuracy assembling<br />

Community<br />

vocati<strong>on</strong>al setting<br />

Two-group withinsubjects<br />

design<br />

Software & Pocket PC<br />

assembly<br />

n 40 CA 18-<br />

54yrs Full scale IQ<br />

range 24–76<br />

Davis, Stock, &<br />

Wehmeyer (2003)<br />

both tasks.<br />

PDA with specially designed<br />

software produced<br />

improved task accuracy &<br />

decreased reliance <strong>on</strong><br />

Community<br />

vocati<strong>on</strong>al setting<br />

Two-group withinsubjects<br />

design<br />

Assemble pizza boxes<br />

& package software<br />

n 10 CA 18-<br />

70yrs Full scale IQ<br />

range 39–72<br />

Davies, Stock, &<br />

Wehneyer (2002b)<br />

adult prompts.<br />

Alternating treatment Day activity center Students completed more<br />

steps independently when<br />

using the PDA compared<br />

to a picture based system.<br />

Steps were also clustered<br />

into fewer pictures <strong>on</strong> the<br />

PDA.<br />

Cleaning, table<br />

setting, food<br />

preparati<strong>on</strong><br />

n 6CA 23-47yrs<br />

IQ unavailable<br />

Adaptive Behavior<br />

Scale, age<br />

equivalents 2-6.5<br />

years for daily<br />

living<br />

Lanci<strong>on</strong>i, O’Reilly,<br />

Seedhouse, Furniss, &<br />

Cunha (2000)<br />

Twenty-First Century Portable Electr<strong>on</strong>ic Devices / 483

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