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claim is truthful. If a claim for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> restorati<strong>on</strong><br />
of functi<strong>on</strong>s is made, at least two thorough<br />
between-group design experiments should be<br />
expected. With more modest claims, a series<br />
of single-case experiments (preferably with a<br />
waiting-list c<strong>on</strong>trol group) would be sufficient.<br />
It is also possible that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> positive anecdotal<br />
evidence for some of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s relates<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social-emoti<strong>on</strong>al interacti<strong>on</strong>s between<br />
staff <strong>and</strong> service users – regardless of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> materials<br />
or ‘treatment’. Therefore ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r interesting<br />
area for research could be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study<br />
of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interacti<strong>on</strong>s that occur while applying<br />
treatments such as Shantala Massage,<br />
Snoezelen, Therapeutic Touch or Hapt<strong>on</strong>omy.<br />
In some of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rapeutic interventi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
that are used, an ‘approach’ is stated <strong>and</strong><br />
no clear directi<strong>on</strong>s, for example, a manual or<br />
guidelines for its use, are given. The availability<br />
of a manual or guidelines for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use of an<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> is necessary for evaluati<strong>on</strong>. The<br />
lack of such guidelines means that a well-designed<br />
evaluati<strong>on</strong> study will be impossible.<br />
The above-menti<strong>on</strong>ed research efforts must<br />
be accompanied by fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r discussi<strong>on</strong> about<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> treatment forms used specifically by parents<br />
ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> home (such as Brain<br />
Net) or outside (such as hyperbaric oxygen<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rapy). This does not mean that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se types<br />
of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rapeutic interventi<strong>on</strong> should be advised<br />
against in all cases. We need to be open to new<br />
ideas as well as to ideas that still lack scientific<br />
underpinning, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rhetoric about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> suitability<br />
<strong>and</strong> possible efficacy of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rapeutic interventi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
that are new or have not been<br />
validated must be replaced by empirical studies<br />
<strong>and</strong> an analysis of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>al role of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> measured outcome.<br />
Thereby, we can differentiate between wellintended<br />
but ungrounded <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rapeutic interventi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rapeutic interventi<strong>on</strong>s that<br />
are effective <strong>and</strong> beneficial <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore may<br />
provide sound ‘treatment’ opti<strong>on</strong>s for people<br />
with PIMD.<br />
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