difference, e.g., the lower viscosity, higher fat binding capacity, <strong>and</strong> higher emulsion viscosity <strong>of</strong> DMPCA over DPMCA. This study demonstrated that process modification <strong>of</strong> <strong>crawfish</strong> production affected <strong>physicochemical</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>functional</strong> <strong>properties</strong>. The optimal <strong>chitosan</strong> production may vary depending on the intended final usages in food systems <strong>as</strong> demonstrated by <strong>functional</strong> <strong>properties</strong> from this study. viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Chitosan is a natural carbohydrate biopolymer derived by deacetylation (DA) <strong>of</strong> chitin, a major component <strong>of</strong> the shells <strong>of</strong> crustacea such <strong>as</strong> crab, shrimp, <strong>and</strong> <strong>crawfish</strong>. After cellulose, chitin is the second most abundant natural biopolymer found in nature (No <strong>and</strong> Meyers, 1989). Like cellulose, <strong>chitosan</strong> is a fiber. However, unlike plant fiber, <strong>chitosan</strong> possesses unique <strong>properties</strong> including the ability to form films, optical structural characteristics <strong>and</strong> much more. Chitosan also possesses a positive ionic charge, which gives it the ability to chemically bind with negatively charged fats, lipids <strong>and</strong> bile acids (S<strong>and</strong>ford, 1992). Chitosan is a non-toxic, biodegradable <strong>and</strong> biocompatible polymer. Over the l<strong>as</strong>t several years, chitinous polymers, especially <strong>chitosan</strong>, have received incre<strong>as</strong>ed attention <strong>as</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the promising renewable polymeric materials for their extensive applications in the pharmaceutical <strong>and</strong> biomedical industries for enzyme immobilization <strong>and</strong> purification, in chemical plants for w<strong>as</strong>tewater treatment, <strong>and</strong> in food industries for food formulations <strong>as</strong> binding, gelling, thickening <strong>and</strong> stabilizing agent (Knorr, 1984). Chitosan is e<strong>as</strong>ily obtained from crab especially Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), shrimp particularly the Pacific shrimp (P<strong>and</strong>alus borealis), lobster, or <strong>crawfish</strong> shells. These are the richest source <strong>of</strong> chitin <strong>and</strong> the major U.S. sources <strong>of</strong> crustaceans that are processed into chitin <strong>and</strong> <strong>chitosan</strong> (Knorr, 1991). Louisiana h<strong>as</strong> the largest <strong>and</strong> oldest successful crustacean farming industry in the U.S, namely the red swamp <strong>crawfish</strong> (or crayfish) Procambarus clarkii. This aquaculture industry currently h<strong>as</strong> an annual production capacity in excess <strong>of</strong> 100 million pounds, <strong>of</strong> which approximately 80% is consumed locally <strong>and</strong> 15% is marketed throughout the U.S. In addition, the processing plants annually generate <strong>as</strong> much <strong>as</strong> 80 million pounds <strong>of</strong> 1
- Page 1 and 2: PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROP
- Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES 1. Applications of C
- Page 7: ABSTRACT Chitosan is made from chit
- Page 11 and 12: Crawfish shell as well as crustacea
- Page 13 and 14: 5. Investigate the effect of deacet
- Page 15 and 16: With regards to their chemical stru
- Page 17 and 18: acetic acid. The second advantage i
- Page 19 and 20: lower viscosity chitosan obtained f
- Page 21 and 22: not deacetylated sufficiently to be
- Page 23 and 24: 2.2.8 Emulsification Even though ch
- Page 25 and 26: 2.2.10 Formation of Film Chitosan h
- Page 27 and 28: Fortunately, the sequence of demine
- Page 29 and 30: of the demineralization process. El
- Page 31 and 32: 2.4 Factors Affecting Production of
- Page 33 and 34: (0.841-0.177 mm) had no effect on t
- Page 35 and 36: methods are those of Hackman (1954)
- Page 37 and 38: degree of deacetylation, and molecu
- Page 39 and 40: 2.6.3 In Medical In the study condu
- Page 41 and 42: 2) DM (Demineralization) Depending
- Page 43 and 44: analyze. The encapsulated sample wa
- Page 45 and 46: and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1
- Page 47 and 48: with 0.03% Oil-Red-O biological sta
- Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Re
- Page 51 and 52: The shell was almost impossible to
- Page 53 and 54: ut the values were slightly higher
- Page 55 and 56: %DD values. Thus, accurate determin
- Page 57 and 58: degradation of the chitosan structu
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treatment for deproteinization. In
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chitosan samples, we arbitrarily de
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Amongst the five types of oil used,
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- 0.5% chitosan solution only. Even
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showed 271 ml/g. All modified chito
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At 0.1% concentration of chitosan,
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CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS T
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REFERENCES Alimuniar and Zainuddin.
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pigment concentration in oil extrac
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Jeon, Y.J., Shahidi, F., and Kim, S
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Utilization of Louisiana Crawfish P
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Ogawa, S., Decker, E., McClememts D
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Smith, J.P. Simpson, B.K. and Morri
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APPENDIX A. DATA OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL
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APPENDIX 5. Degree of Deacetylation
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Bulk density (g/ml) APPENDIX 9. Bul
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WBC (%) 1200.0 1000.0 800.0 600.0 4
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APPENDIX 13. Emulsion Capacity Meas
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APPENDIX 15. Emulsion Viscosity Mea
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APPENDIX 18. DMPCA y = 33.471x + 9.
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APPENDIX 21. Vanson 75 y = 21.926x
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APPENDIX C. DATA OF DEGREE OF DEACE
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APPENDIX 27. DPMCA(control) A1655 =
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APPENDIX D. DATA OF AMOUNTS OF OIL
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VITA The author was born in Taegu,