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3.2.14 Emulsion Viscosity Emulsions containing 80% of the amount of oil needed to reach the breakpoint were used for emulsion viscosity measurements (Prinyawiwatkul et al., 1993). Emulsion viscosity (EV) was determined at 25 o C using a Brookfield viscometer (Model DV-II+ (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., Stonghton, MA.) and a Helipath Stand equipped with a T-B spindle operated at 2.5 rpm. The emulsion viscosity was computed as cps. Two readings were recorded on duplicate samples of emulsions. 3.3 Statistical Analysis All experiments were carried out in triplicate, except for duplicate determinations of nitrogen content, moisture content, and emulsion viscosity. Average values (means) and standard deviations were reported. Mean separations were analyzed using the ANOVA (SAS) and Tukey’s studentized range tests at α = 0.05. 40
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results of the proximate analysis and physicochemical properties of various chitosan samples are presented in Tables 2-7. 4.1 Yield Yield was calculated as the dry weight of chitosan obtained from 400-600 g of dried crawfish shell powder. Chitosan yield ranged from 16.7-18.8%. The highest yields were obtained from DMPAC, followed by DCMPA, DMCPA, DPMCA (control) and DMPCA. Table 2 - Crawfish Chitosan Production Yield (dry weight basis) Sample Yield (%) DCMPA DMCPA DMPCA DMPAC DPMCA (control) DAPMC 41 18.3 17.8 16.7 18.8 16.8 0.34 Results (Table 2) showed that the DMPCA had the lowest yield (16.7%), but was not different from the control DPMCA (16.8%). Brzeski (1982) reported about 14 % yield of chitosan from krill and 18.6% from prawn waste (Alimuniar and Zainuddin, 1992). The % yield of chitosan obtained (16.7-18.8%, Table 2) is lower than that (approximately 23%) of chitin reported in the literature (No and Meyers, 1989). This is due to loss of sample mass/weight from excessive removal of acetyl groups from the polymer during deacetylation (i.e. the conversion of chitin to chitosan). On the other hand, the yield of DAPMC was 0.34% which was quite an insignificant amount. Therefore, only five samples were considered for further analysis. From this study, when chitosan process begins with deacetylation (DA), very poor yield (0.34%) was obtained due to depolymerization of the chitosan polymer. Depolymerization is the
Page 1 and 2: PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROP
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES 1. Applications of C
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Chitosan is made from chit
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Chitosan is
Page 11 and 12: Crawfish shell as well as crustacea
Page 13 and 14: 5. Investigate the effect of deacet
Page 15 and 16: With regards to their chemical stru
Page 17 and 18: acetic acid. The second advantage i
Page 19 and 20: lower viscosity chitosan obtained f
Page 21 and 22: not deacetylated sufficiently to be
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.8 Emulsification Even though ch
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.10 Formation of Film Chitosan h
Page 27 and 28: Fortunately, the sequence of demine
Page 29 and 30: of the demineralization process. El
Page 31 and 32: 2.4 Factors Affecting Production of
Page 33 and 34: (0.841-0.177 mm) had no effect on t
Page 35 and 36: methods are those of Hackman (1954)
Page 37 and 38: degree of deacetylation, and molecu
Page 39 and 40: 2.6.3 In Medical In the study condu
Page 41 and 42: 2) DM (Demineralization) Depending
Page 43 and 44: analyze. The encapsulated sample wa
Page 45 and 46: and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1
Page 47: with 0.03% Oil-Red-O biological sta
Page 51 and 52: The shell was almost impossible to
Page 53 and 54: ut the values were slightly higher
Page 55 and 56: %DD values. Thus, accurate determin
Page 57 and 58: degradation of the chitosan structu
Page 59 and 60: treatment for deproteinization. In
Page 61 and 62: chitosan samples, we arbitrarily de
Page 63 and 64: Amongst the five types of oil used,
Page 65 and 66: - 0.5% chitosan solution only. Even
Page 67 and 68: showed 271 ml/g. All modified chito
Page 69 and 70: At 0.1% concentration of chitosan,
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS T
Page 73 and 74: REFERENCES Alimuniar and Zainuddin.
Page 75 and 76: pigment concentration in oil extrac
Page 77 and 78: Jeon, Y.J., Shahidi, F., and Kim, S
Page 79 and 80: Utilization of Louisiana Crawfish P
Page 81 and 82: Ogawa, S., Decker, E., McClememts D
Page 83 and 84: Smith, J.P. Simpson, B.K. and Morri
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX A. DATA OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX 5. Degree of Deacetylation
Page 89 and 90: Bulk density (g/ml) APPENDIX 9. Bul
Page 91 and 92: WBC (%) 1200.0 1000.0 800.0 600.0 4
Page 93 and 94: APPENDIX 13. Emulsion Capacity Meas
Page 95 and 96: APPENDIX 15. Emulsion Viscosity Mea
Page 97 and 98: APPENDIX 18. DMPCA y = 33.471x + 9.
Page 99 and 100:
APPENDIX 21. Vanson 75 y = 21.926x
Page 101 and 102:
APPENDIX C. DATA OF DEGREE OF DEACE
Page 103 and 104:
APPENDIX 27. DPMCA(control) A1655 =
Page 105 and 106:
APPENDIX D. DATA OF AMOUNTS OF OIL
Page 107:
VITA The author was born in Taegu,
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