physicochemical and functional properties of crawfish chitosan as ...

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The wastewater released from food processing plants typically seafood, dairy or meat processing industries contains appreciable amount of protein which can be recovered with the use of chitosan; this protein, after drying and sterilization, makes a great source of feed additives for farm animals (Rout, 2001). The removal of dyes is difficult to achieve because of their high resistance to degradation by light, chemical, biological, and other exposures. However, chitin and chitosan have been found to have extremely high affinity for dyes which may contribute to aquatic toxicity (Rout, 2001). Asano et al. (1978) found that chitosan is effective for conditioning municipal and industrial sludge due mainly to their effectiveness in sludge conditioning, rapid biodegradability in soil environments, and economic advantages in centrifugal sludge dewatering. 2.6.2 In the Food Industry The food processing industry extensively uses polysaccharides in food product development and processing for the purpose of imparting desirable functional properties such as thickening, gelling, emulsifying, and whipping. Without exception, chitosan have been documented to possess several distinctive properties (Knorr, 1984). The good water uptake of chitosan has been found to be significantly higher than that of microcrystalline cellulose (Knorr, 1982). Several studies have also demonstrated the effectiveness of chitosan for coagulation and recovery of suspended solids in processing wastes from poultry (Bough et al., 1975), eggs (Bough, 1976), seafood (Bough, 1976) and vegetable operations (Bough, 1975). These studies indicate that chitosan can reduce the suspended solids of various food processing wastes by 70 to 98%. Chitosan also is effective for dewatering activated sludge suspensions resulting from biological treatment of brewing and vegetable canning wastes (Bough, 1976) 30
2.6.3 In Medical In the study conducted by Kratz et al. (1997), their results showed that when positively charged chitosan binds with negatively charged heparin they produce a stable heparin-chitosan complex that stimulates re-epithelialisation of full thickness wounds in human skin. 2.6.4 In Cosmetics Chitosan has been used extensively in hair care, especially commercial shampoos and conditioners with chitosan as the main ingredient because of several advantages. Among these advantages, chitosan is physiologically safe as it contains no harmful monomers from any polymerization step. The other one is the ability to form films with proteins which is more stable at high humidity, less statically charged during brushing and combing than other traditional hair treated fixatives (Rout, 2001). High purity grade chitosan is needed in many applications especially in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. At present, a standardized and reliable quality assessment system for chitosan is lacking mainly due to its complicated nature of this biopolymer (No, 1997). 31
Page 1 and 2: PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROP
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES 1. Applications of C
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Chitosan is made from chit
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Chitosan is
Page 11 and 12: Crawfish shell as well as crustacea
Page 13 and 14: 5. Investigate the effect of deacet
Page 15 and 16: With regards to their chemical stru
Page 17 and 18: acetic acid. The second advantage i
Page 19 and 20: lower viscosity chitosan obtained f
Page 21 and 22: not deacetylated sufficiently to be
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.8 Emulsification Even though ch
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.10 Formation of Film Chitosan h
Page 27 and 28: Fortunately, the sequence of demine
Page 29 and 30: of the demineralization process. El
Page 31 and 32: 2.4 Factors Affecting Production of
Page 33 and 34: (0.841-0.177 mm) had no effect on t
Page 35 and 36: methods are those of Hackman (1954)
Page 37: degree of deacetylation, and molecu
Page 41 and 42: 2) DM (Demineralization) Depending
Page 43 and 44: analyze. The encapsulated sample wa
Page 45 and 46: and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1
Page 47 and 48: with 0.03% Oil-Red-O biological sta
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Re
Page 51 and 52: The shell was almost impossible to
Page 53 and 54: ut the values were slightly higher
Page 55 and 56: %DD values. Thus, accurate determin
Page 57 and 58: degradation of the chitosan structu
Page 59 and 60: treatment for deproteinization. In
Page 61 and 62: chitosan samples, we arbitrarily de
Page 63 and 64: Amongst the five types of oil used,
Page 65 and 66: - 0.5% chitosan solution only. Even
Page 67 and 68: showed 271 ml/g. All modified chito
Page 69 and 70: At 0.1% concentration of chitosan,
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS T
Page 73 and 74: REFERENCES Alimuniar and Zainuddin.
Page 75 and 76: pigment concentration in oil extrac
Page 77 and 78: Jeon, Y.J., Shahidi, F., and Kim, S
Page 79 and 80: Utilization of Louisiana Crawfish P
Page 81 and 82: Ogawa, S., Decker, E., McClememts D
Page 83 and 84: Smith, J.P. Simpson, B.K. and Morri
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX A. DATA OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX 5. Degree of Deacetylation
Page 89 and 90:
Bulk density (g/ml) APPENDIX 9. Bul
Page 91 and 92:
WBC (%) 1200.0 1000.0 800.0 600.0 4
Page 93 and 94:
APPENDIX 13. Emulsion Capacity Meas
Page 95 and 96:
APPENDIX 15. Emulsion Viscosity Mea
Page 97 and 98:
APPENDIX 18. DMPCA y = 33.471x + 9.
Page 99 and 100:
APPENDIX 21. Vanson 75 y = 21.926x
Page 101 and 102:
APPENDIX C. DATA OF DEGREE OF DEACE
Page 103 and 104:
APPENDIX 27. DPMCA(control) A1655 =
Page 105 and 106:
APPENDIX D. DATA OF AMOUNTS OF OIL
Page 107:
VITA The author was born in Taegu,
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