physicochemical and functional properties of crawfish chitosan as ...

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2.1 Definition and Composition of Chitosan CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Chitosan is a fiber-like substance derived from chitin, a homopolymer of ß-(1→4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Chitin is the second most abundant organic compound in nature after cellulose (Ruiz-Herrera, 1978). Chitin is widely distributed in marine invertebrates (Figure 1), insects, fungi, and yeast (Austin et al., 1981). However, chitin is not present in higher plants and higher animals. Generally, the shell of selected crustacean was reported by Knorr (1984a) to consist of 30-40% protein, 30-50% calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, and 20-30% chitin. Chitin is widely available from a variety of source among which, the principal source is shellfish waste such as shrimps, crabs, and crawfish (Allan et al., 1979). It also exists naturally in a few species of fungi. In terms of its structure, chitin is associated with proteins and, therefore, high in protein contents. Chitin fibrils are embedded in a matrix of calcium carbonate and phosphate that also contains protein. The matrix is proteinaceous, where the protein is hardened by a tanning process (Muzzarrelli, 1977). Studies of Asford and co-workers (1977) demonstrated that chitin represents 14-27% and 13-15% of the dry weight of shrimp and crab processing wastes, respectively. Figure 1. Seafood Produces Considerable Amounts of Waste which are the Principal Source of Chitin and Chitosan 6
With regards to their chemical structure (Figure 2), chitin and chitosan have similar chemical structure. Chitin is made up of a linear chain of acetylglucosamine groups while chitosan is obtained by removing enough acetyl groups (CH3-CO) for the molecule to be soluble in most diluted acids. This process is called deacetylation. The actual difference between chitin and chitosan is the acetyl content of the polymer. Chitosan having a free amino group is the most useful derivative of chitin (No and Meyers, 1992). 2.2 Characteristics of Chitosan CHITIN CHITOSAN Figure 2. Structure of Chitin and Chitosan Chitosan is a non toxic, biodegradable polymer of high molecular weight, and is very much similar to cellulose, a plant fiber (Figure 3). Figure 3. Structure of Cellulose, Chitin, and Chitosan 7
Page 1 and 2: PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROP
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES 1. Applications of C
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Chitosan is made from chit
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Chitosan is
Page 11 and 12: Crawfish shell as well as crustacea
Page 13: 5. Investigate the effect of deacet
Page 17 and 18: acetic acid. The second advantage i
Page 19 and 20: lower viscosity chitosan obtained f
Page 21 and 22: not deacetylated sufficiently to be
Page 23 and 24: 2.2.8 Emulsification Even though ch
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.10 Formation of Film Chitosan h
Page 27 and 28: Fortunately, the sequence of demine
Page 29 and 30: of the demineralization process. El
Page 31 and 32: 2.4 Factors Affecting Production of
Page 33 and 34: (0.841-0.177 mm) had no effect on t
Page 35 and 36: methods are those of Hackman (1954)
Page 37 and 38: degree of deacetylation, and molecu
Page 39 and 40: 2.6.3 In Medical In the study condu
Page 41 and 42: 2) DM (Demineralization) Depending
Page 43 and 44: analyze. The encapsulated sample wa
Page 45 and 46: and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1
Page 47 and 48: with 0.03% Oil-Red-O biological sta
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Re
Page 51 and 52: The shell was almost impossible to
Page 53 and 54: ut the values were slightly higher
Page 55 and 56: %DD values. Thus, accurate determin
Page 57 and 58: degradation of the chitosan structu
Page 59 and 60: treatment for deproteinization. In
Page 61 and 62: chitosan samples, we arbitrarily de
Page 63 and 64: Amongst the five types of oil used,
Page 65 and 66:
- 0.5% chitosan solution only. Even
Page 67 and 68:
showed 271 ml/g. All modified chito
Page 69 and 70:
At 0.1% concentration of chitosan,
Page 71 and 72:
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS T
Page 73 and 74:
REFERENCES Alimuniar and Zainuddin.
Page 75 and 76:
pigment concentration in oil extrac
Page 77 and 78:
Jeon, Y.J., Shahidi, F., and Kim, S
Page 79 and 80:
Utilization of Louisiana Crawfish P
Page 81 and 82:
Ogawa, S., Decker, E., McClememts D
Page 83 and 84:
Smith, J.P. Simpson, B.K. and Morri
Page 85 and 86:
APPENDIX A. DATA OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL
Page 87 and 88:
APPENDIX 5. Degree of Deacetylation
Page 89 and 90:
Bulk density (g/ml) APPENDIX 9. Bul
Page 91 and 92:
WBC (%) 1200.0 1000.0 800.0 600.0 4
Page 93 and 94:
APPENDIX 13. Emulsion Capacity Meas
Page 95 and 96:
APPENDIX 15. Emulsion Viscosity Mea
Page 97 and 98:
APPENDIX 18. DMPCA y = 33.471x + 9.
Page 99 and 100:
APPENDIX 21. Vanson 75 y = 21.926x
Page 101 and 102:
APPENDIX C. DATA OF DEGREE OF DEACE
Page 103 and 104:
APPENDIX 27. DPMCA(control) A1655 =
Page 105 and 106:
APPENDIX D. DATA OF AMOUNTS OF OIL
Page 107:
VITA The author was born in Taegu,
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