Innovation and institutional change: the transition to a sustainable ...

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3.3 A multi-level perspective on systems change 69
3.4 Methodological aspects 71
Chapter 4
Stability and transformation in the electricity system 73
Explaining success and failure of paths taken
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 The origins of the system 75
4.3 The shift from coal to gas in the fossil base of Dutch
electricity generation 80
4.4 The nature of institutionalisation of the electricity system in
the early seventies 83
4.5 The development of nuclear generation technology 86
4.6 Hybridisation of steam and gas turbines 93
4.7 Distant heating as a form of cogeneration 97
4.8 The development of coal technology 98
4.9 Combined heat and power generation 101
4.10 Wind energy development in the Netherlands 104
4.11 The development of photovoltaic technology 112
4.12 Biomass emerges as the dominant sustainable variety 117
4.13 The introduction of ‘green’ electricity 122
4.14 Conclusions 123
Chapter 5
Evolution of de-central cogeneration in the Netherlands 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Basic data on the development of cogeneration in
the Netherlands 128
5.3 A perspective on institutional change 131
5.4 Foundations for change: understanding increased
attention for cogeneration 134
5.5 Chain reaction: understanding the fast rise of cogeneration 140
5.6 Backwash: understanding stagnation in cogeneration 151
5.7 Applying an institutional perspective 155
Chapter 6
The institutionalisation of green electricity 161
An example of transformation in the Dutch electricity system
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 The emergence of green electricity as a concept 162
6.3 Early success with green electricity: policy and competitors’
reactions 169