Innovation and institutional change: the transition to a sustainable ...

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Exploring transitions through sociotechnical scenarios 197 Table 7.3 Characterisation of the two scenarios and transition paths. Initial Niches Main differences Main similarities Large scale integration of renewables - Biomass co-combustion in coalfired power plants - Offshore wind power farms - Coal/Biomass gasification; based on international niche proliferation - Fossil generation with CO2 separation, storage Large scale power plants at international level, based on biomass gasification, wind power, photovoltaics and hydrogen facilities; international electricity highway; international coordination of electricity flows Gas and hydrogen important bridging resources, fuel cells important energy technology also in hybrid combination Drivers Landscape Liberalisation, EU integration, Climate change Regime Increasing international character of regime, uptake of renewables by regime Niches Hybridisation of niches with regime; niches adapt to dominant design of central station electricity Barriers Mismatch of renewables with regime, problems of integration into existing regime Dominant networks Policy Networks with traditional electricity producers, distributors and government actors; oil and chemical sector becomes part of electricity regime Strengthening of international grid, EU policies, support for green electricity, and labelling of electricity flows Towards distributed generation - Combined heat and power production with small scale electricity generation technologies - Local power generation because of overburdened grid - ICT demand for reliable power - New housing districts with low energy impact Dominance of local based networks with electricity generation units dimensioned to local demand; high voltage grid serves as back up; integration of number of energy technologies/sources such as pv, wind, biomass, fuel cells, turbines Gas and hydrogen important bridging resources, fuel cells important energy technology also in hybrid combination Liberalisation, ICT, Sustainability/climate change Battle between electricity producers, multiutilities and gas companies; changing position of consumer First niches because of differentiation in regime; niches slowly built new power system design of distributed generation Design, regulation, routines based on central station electricity regime, not on local generation with local grid Networks of energy distributors, engineering firms, construction companies, housing associations and municipalities Local energy policy, stimulation of alternative infrastructures, integration of energy in built environment
198 Chapter 7 The process of liberalisation, however, led to increasing tension within the social network of regime actors. For example in the Netherlands, new coalitions were formed between electricity distributors and industrial actors for decentral cogeneration of heat and power at the expense of central electricity generation. The over capacity that followed was a sign of the loss of control by regime actors (Arentsen et al, 2000). The anticipation of further liberalisation and the increasing importance of the climate problem led also to new actor coalitions that developed and marketed the novel concept of green electricity (e.g. energy distribution companies and environmental NGOs). With the emergence of new markets, exchanges and actors old social networks vanished and new networks emerged. The landscape developments of liberalisation, climate change and information technology increasingly penetrated the electricity regime and uncertainty over the future direction and speed of developments in electricity generation and use became high (e.g. van Hilten et al., 2000). 7.5.2 Scenario 1: Large Scale Integration of Renewables in the Electricity Regime 2000-2010: Liberalisation creates tension in the regime Five landscape trends were driving further change in the electricity regime with liberalisation as the most pervasive one. In combination with European integration, climate change, ICT and the new economy, and security threats it led to a totally different setting in which the electricity regime was operating. Several patterns of change were visible in the electricity regime. Established power producers engaged in international price competition in order to realise full utilisation of their power plants and to satisfy customers’ demand for low prices. A sharp increase in international trade in electricity was the consequence. To guarantee a European free market the EU intensified its role in harmonising the processes of liberalisation of national electricity sectors and in safeguarding sufficient capacity for crossborder electricity transport. The more volatile market conditions also demanded more flexible power plants that could produce efficiently at different loads and had short start up times. This reinforced the shift towards gas within the fossil fuel mix because of the higher flexibility and efficiency of the gas turbine relative to the more capital intensive and rigid coal-fired and nuclear power plants (see also Shell, 2001). Large oil and gas companies such as Shell were also able the enter the electricity generation market by investing in combined cycle gas turbines that produced electricity and heat fuelled by their own gas supply. This gave them an edge over other power companies with gas-fired power plants that had to cope with volatile market conditions for gas.
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INNOVATION AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
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In de reeks Schone Technologie en M
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Contents Preface v Chapter 1 Transi
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Contents iii 6.4 Liberalisation of
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vi Chapter This dissertation was fa
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2 Chapter 1 systems of production a
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4 Chapter 1 1995: 25). A basic tene
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6 Chapter 1 and be a member of natu
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8 Chapter 1 specific momentum for p
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10 Chapter 1 Chapter eight summaris
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12 Chapter 2 derive some general pr
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14 Chapter 2 emerges because of cha
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16 Chapter 2 ways things were done
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18 Chapter 2 multinational producer
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20 Chapter 2 increasing scale and r
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22 Chapter 2 of alternative views o
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24 Chapter 2 exchange of knowledge
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26 Chapter 2 multidirectional flux
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28 Chapter 2 systems are located at
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30 Chapter 2 - Misadaptation betwee
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32 Chapter 2 of these concepts and
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34 Chapter 2 New institutionalism i
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36 Chapter 2 production and consump
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38 Chapter 2 Figure 2.3 Model of an
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40 Chapter 2 traditional forms of d
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42 Chapter 2 2.4 Integrating insigh
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44 Chapter 2 2.4.1 Innovation as a
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46 Chapter 2 composition of the net
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48 Chapter 2 its diffusion, to crea
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50 Chapter 2 materials, and the pro
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52 Chapter 2 - specificity: as an e
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54 Chapter 2 often represents the p
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56 Chapter 2 that the introduction
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58 Chapter 2 2.5 Concluding remark
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60 Chapter 3 society. A further sec
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62 Chapter 3 perceptions and soluti
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64 Chapter 3 Linkages involve conne
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66 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Typology of
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68 Chapter 3 185). Institutional lo
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70 Chapter 3 invested (Hughes, 1983
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72 Chapter 3 analysts of, the elect
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74 Chapter 4 energy saving and effi
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76 Chapter 4 In their analysis of t
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78 Chapter 4 Hughes’ basic model
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80 Chapter 4 improving the system a
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82 Chapter 4 Figure 4.3 Technology
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84 Chapter 4 by pollution, problems
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86 Chapter 4 4.5 The development of
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88 Chapter 4 energy sources. Safegu
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90 Chapter 4 - Application of nucle
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92 Chapter 4 - The government and t
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94 Chapter 4 military-industrial co
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96 Chapter 4 hardware” (Hirsh, 19
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98 Chapter 4 In conclusion, the int
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100 Chapter 4 government 25 . Never
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102 Chapter 4 - Both economic incen
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104 Chapter 4 organisation of the e
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106 Chapter 4 industry could delive
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108 Chapter 4 More robust plans for
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110 Chapter 4 Table 4.4 Evolution o
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112 Chapter 4 4.11 The development
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114 Chapter 4 Table 4.6 Evolution o
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116 Chapter 4 Parties involved are
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118 Chapter 4 Figure 4.5 Conversion
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120 Chapter 4 combustion of biomass
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122 Chapter 4 The focus on biomass
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124 Chapter 4 Let us consider other
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126 Chapter 4 varying processes of
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128 Chapter 5 technological and ins
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130 Chapter 5 Figure 5.3: Share of
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132 Chapter 5 and search routines i
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134 Chapter 5 solutions is main con
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136 Chapter 5 and was triggered by
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138 Chapter 5 signalling significan
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140 Chapter 5 Table 5.2 Main change
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142 Chapter 5 1982; Blok, 1991; Bui
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144 Chapter 5 10-12). The third iss
Page 157 and 158: 146 Chapter 5 replaced the focus on
Page 159 and 160: 148 Chapter 5 from 220 MWe in 1990
Page 161 and 162: 150 Chapter 5 and supply. Only afte
Page 163 and 164: 152 Chapter 5 provides an overview
Page 165 and 166: 154 Chapter 5 Prospects for cogener
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Page 169 and 170: 158 Chapter 5 add, not a sufficient
Page 171 and 172: 160 Chapter 5
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Page 175 and 176: 164 Chapter 6 a liberalised market.
Page 177 and 178: 166 Chapter 6 were allowed to produ
Page 179 and 180: 168 Chapter 6 in the municipality o
Page 181 and 182: 170 Chapter 6 became in turn one of
Page 183 and 184: 172 Chapter 6 Table 6.1 Milestones
Page 185 and 186: 174 Chapter 6 6.4 Liberalisation of
Page 187 and 188: 176 Chapter 6 After the opening of
Page 189 and 190: 178 Chapter 6 Renewable Energy Cert
Page 191 and 192: 180 Chapter 6 2001b). The company w
Page 193 and 194: 182 Chapter 6 infancy, energy compa
Page 195 and 196: 184 Chapter 6 What is striking that
Page 199 and 200: 188 Chapter 7 meaning, infrastructu
Page 201 and 202: 190 Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Social gro
Page 203 and 204: 192 Chapter 7 Figure 7.3 A dynamic
Page 205 and 206: 194 Chapter 7 7.3 Strengths and wea
Page 207: 196 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 shows that
Page 211 and 212: 200 Chapter 7 towards resource inde
Page 213 and 214: 202 Chapter 7 improvement of cable
Page 215 and 216: 204 Chapter 7 project. The high ene
Page 217 and 218: 206 Chapter 7 of the promising nich
Page 221 and 222: 210 Chapter 8 gain stability as a c
Page 223 and 224: 212 Chapter 8 with the application
Page 225 and 226: 214 Chapter 8 Table 8.2 Institution
Page 227 and 228: 216 Chapter 8 growth rates of insta
Page 229 and 230: 218 Chapter 8 This involved changes
Page 231 and 232: 220 Chapter 8 contributes to a bett
Page 233 and 234: 222 Chapter 8 decisions and rates o
Page 235 and 236: 224 Chapter 8 The applicability of
Page 237 and 238: 226 Chapter 8 8.5 Lessons for trans
Page 239 and 240: 228 Chapter 8 ideas. Moreover, the
Page 241 and 242: 230 Chapter 8 and decentral cogener
Page 245 and 246: 234 References Arentsen, M.J., and
Page 247 and 248: 236 References Bressers, H.Th.A. an
Page 249 and 250: 238 References De Jong, J.J., E. We
Page 251 and 252: 240 References EPRI (1999) Electric
Page 253 and 254: 242 References Geels, F.W. (2002b)
Page 255 and 256: 244 References Henderson, R.M. and
Page 257 and 258: 246 References Islas, J. (1999) The
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248 References Dependence and Creat
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250 References Nelson, R.R. (1995a)
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252 References Quarles van Ufford,
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254 References Schmidheiny S. (1992
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256 References SNM (2000) Frisse Wi
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258 References Van de Ven, A.H. and
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260 References VROM (1993) National
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262 References
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264 Samenvatting analytisch kader d
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266 Samenvatting maar toch een grot
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268 Samenvatting
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