Innovation and institutional change: the transition to a sustainable ...

156 Chapter 5
the existing system and to trigger alternative search processes, more intricate
processes of change in the linkages between the electricity sector and the
policy and economic system, were decisive for the sharp increase in
cogeneration.
Table 5.4: Characterisation of the evolution of cogeneration
Phase
Aspect
Main
change
processes
Main
problem-
solution
pair
Main
factors
Main
change
agents
(1) Awareness,
public scrutiny
Corrosion of
growth
paradigm
sector, focus on
energy saving
forces sector to
develop district
heating, public
scrutiny of
system rises
Nuclear power
and district
heating for
security of
supply and
energy saving
Oil crisis,
societal forces,
policy reorientation,
gas
turbine emerges
as power
production
option
Ngo’s
(2) Mobilisation of
actors and alternatives
Increasing information
flows and built up of
competences for
cogeneration,
changing circles of
decision making for
policy and knowledge,
modification of rules
for grid connection,
mobilisation of actors
around cogeneration,
support schemes for
cogeneration
Nuclear and coal
power for long-term
supply of the e-sector;
cogeneration for
industrial sector to
secure competitive
energy prices as part
of industrial policy
Oil crisis/energy
prices, broad societal
discussion,
cogeneration as
feasible and reliable
option, gas for
cogeneration
Larger industries,
emerging knowledge
centers
(3) Institutionalisation/
Utilisation
Restructuring of the
electricity sector
catalyses diverging
strategies; policy focus
towards target groups;
commitment of esector
and industries to
energy saving; change
of rules for grid
connection and
remuneration; jointventure
as
organisational form
Cogeneration as major
strategy for energy
saving; cogeneration
as means of
introducing
competition in e-sector
to improve efficiency
Wave of
environmental
concern; Tsjernobyl;
standardisation of
cogeneration as energy
management option,
learning across range
of adopter groups,
strong intermediairies,
good fit with
organisational form
Distribution
companies, policy
makers
(4) Stabilisation
Liberalisation
of the electricity
sector;
changeover
from policy
(targets) to
market
(incentives) as
main force for
integration of
environmental
issues and
energy saving
Level playing
field and getting
the prices right
(emission
trading) to
increase
efficiency and
competitive
prices
Wave of
liberalisation,
European
electricity
directive,
electricity
imports
European
Union,
electricity users,
new entrants