Innovation and institutional change: the transition to a sustainable ...

Evolution of decentral cogeneration in the Netherlands 151
Table 5.5 Main changes in linkages of electricity system to societal fields
(1985-97)
Macro
Meso
Micro
Knowledge Politics Economy Society
Knowledge
organisation is
modified as
specific
knowledge broker
organisations
emerge
Knowledge
brokers work
towards
standardisation of
cogeneration and
tailorisation for
specific groups
Increasing
competences are
developed
regarding system
design aspects of
cogeneration;
expansion of
research on
energy
management
Policy change towards
integrated approach for
target groups; orientation
on long-term targets
energy saving priority is
combined with focus on
CO2 reduction;
Electricity Act
unbundles production
and distribution
Focus on
implementation with
target groups; inclusion
of ngo’s in the process;
orientation on long-term
targets; focus on
intermediairies to spread
new practices
Routines change towards
more interaction with
target groups in
formation and
implementation of
energy policy
Reorganisation of
electricity sector;
Strong orientation of
distributors to
industry; industry
adopts energy saving
targets
Reorganisation
distribution sector;
new collective strategy
developed; Networks
between industries,
intermediairies and
distrbutors are formed
Change processes
towards more client
orientation; built up of
new competences;
emergence of new
routine; joint ventures
as emerging
organisational form;
uptake of energy
saving in industries
New wave of
environmental
concern;
professionalisati
on of ngo’s
Alignment of
ngo’s towards
environmental
policy making
Ngo’s take role
to monitor and
account for
energy saving
5.6 Backwash: understanding stagnation in cogeneration
Stagnation in cogeneration capacity and production
The sharp increase in capacity and production of cogeneration abruptly
stopped after 1999. Capacity fell slightly in the period until 2003 and
production based on cogeneration dropped more significantly, leading to a
fall of the cogeneration share in domestic electricity generation from 36% to
31%. Changes in rules for cogeneration and deteriorating market conditions
were important factors. Major changes in regulation of the electricity sector
occurred which also affected remuneration and other tariffs. Table 5.3