Innovation and institutional change: the transition to a sustainable ...

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Evolution of decentral cogeneration in the Netherlands 129 Figure 5.1 Development of central generation and decentral cogeneration capacity in the Netherlands (Sources: EnergieNed; Ministerie EZ, 1980; SEP/VEEN/EnergieNed, 1989). (MWe) 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Figure 5.2 Evolution of origins of Dutch electricity (Source: EnergieNed). 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Central generation capacity Decentral cogeneration capacity 0 Thermal central generation Nuclear generation Cogeneration ao Imports 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
130 Chapter 5 Figure 5.3: Share of decentral cogeneration in domestic electricity production (EnergieNed) (%) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 The increasing diversity of types of technologies used can be explained by a similar increasing diversity in the application of cogeneration in different sectors, such as horticulture, health care organisations, service organisations, wastewater treatment plants, swimming pools, hotels, and so forth. Changes in the nature of investments can also be observed. Historically investments in decentral cogeneration took place in various industries 2 as a means to produce electricity and heat for own use. From the end of the eighties on a new actor becomes a major investor in decentral cogeneration: the energy distribution sector. The amount of cogeneration capacity under control of energy distributors increased from 70 MW in 1990 to 950 MW in 1996 (Elzenga et al., 2001). Moreover, energy distributors started to invest in cogeneration through joint ventures with industry. Joint-ventures took a share of 28% in decentral (co)generation in 1995, and this share expanded to 48% in 2000 and 47% in 2003 3 . A further pattern of change is a development towards cogeneration installations producing a larger share of electricity for the grid relative to own use. Early installations, before 1985, were more dimensioned based on own electricity demand because of relatively low remuneration tariffs (Battjes and Rijkers, 2000). As the climate for cogeneration improved, for example through subsidies and higher 2 Mainly process industries with a continuous demand for steam such as the chemical industry, paper industry, food industry and petrochemical industry (SEP, 1979; Blok, 1993). 3 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, the Netherlands, Decentrale elektriciteitsproductie naar sector, in: CBS, Energie and Water.
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INNOVATION AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
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In de reeks Schone Technologie en M
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Contents Preface v Chapter 1 Transi
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Contents iii 6.4 Liberalisation of
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vi Chapter This dissertation was fa
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2 Chapter 1 systems of production a
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4 Chapter 1 1995: 25). A basic tene
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6 Chapter 1 and be a member of natu
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8 Chapter 1 specific momentum for p
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10 Chapter 1 Chapter eight summaris
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12 Chapter 2 derive some general pr
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14 Chapter 2 emerges because of cha
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16 Chapter 2 ways things were done
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18 Chapter 2 multinational producer
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20 Chapter 2 increasing scale and r
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22 Chapter 2 of alternative views o
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24 Chapter 2 exchange of knowledge
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26 Chapter 2 multidirectional flux
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28 Chapter 2 systems are located at
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30 Chapter 2 - Misadaptation betwee
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32 Chapter 2 of these concepts and
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34 Chapter 2 New institutionalism i
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36 Chapter 2 production and consump
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38 Chapter 2 Figure 2.3 Model of an
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40 Chapter 2 traditional forms of d
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42 Chapter 2 2.4 Integrating insigh
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44 Chapter 2 2.4.1 Innovation as a
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46 Chapter 2 composition of the net
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48 Chapter 2 its diffusion, to crea
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50 Chapter 2 materials, and the pro
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52 Chapter 2 - specificity: as an e
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54 Chapter 2 often represents the p
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56 Chapter 2 that the introduction
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58 Chapter 2 2.5 Concluding remark
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60 Chapter 3 society. A further sec
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62 Chapter 3 perceptions and soluti
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64 Chapter 3 Linkages involve conne
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66 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Typology of
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68 Chapter 3 185). Institutional lo
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70 Chapter 3 invested (Hughes, 1983
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72 Chapter 3 analysts of, the elect
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74 Chapter 4 energy saving and effi
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76 Chapter 4 In their analysis of t
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Page 91 and 92: 80 Chapter 4 improving the system a
Page 93 and 94: 82 Chapter 4 Figure 4.3 Technology
Page 95 and 96: 84 Chapter 4 by pollution, problems
Page 97 and 98: 86 Chapter 4 4.5 The development of
Page 99 and 100: 88 Chapter 4 energy sources. Safegu
Page 101 and 102: 90 Chapter 4 - Application of nucle
Page 103 and 104: 92 Chapter 4 - The government and t
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Page 107 and 108: 96 Chapter 4 hardware” (Hirsh, 19
Page 109 and 110: 98 Chapter 4 In conclusion, the int
Page 111 and 112: 100 Chapter 4 government 25 . Never
Page 113 and 114: 102 Chapter 4 - Both economic incen
Page 115 and 116: 104 Chapter 4 organisation of the e
Page 117 and 118: 106 Chapter 4 industry could delive
Page 119 and 120: 108 Chapter 4 More robust plans for
Page 121 and 122: 110 Chapter 4 Table 4.4 Evolution o
Page 123 and 124: 112 Chapter 4 4.11 The development
Page 125 and 126: 114 Chapter 4 Table 4.6 Evolution o
Page 127 and 128: 116 Chapter 4 Parties involved are
Page 129 and 130: 118 Chapter 4 Figure 4.5 Conversion
Page 131 and 132: 120 Chapter 4 combustion of biomass
Page 133 and 134: 122 Chapter 4 The focus on biomass
Page 135 and 136: 124 Chapter 4 Let us consider other
Page 137 and 138: 126 Chapter 4 varying processes of
Page 139: 128 Chapter 5 technological and ins
Page 143 and 144: 132 Chapter 5 and search routines i
Page 145 and 146: 134 Chapter 5 solutions is main con
Page 147 and 148: 136 Chapter 5 and was triggered by
Page 149 and 150: 138 Chapter 5 signalling significan
Page 151 and 152: 140 Chapter 5 Table 5.2 Main change
Page 153 and 154: 142 Chapter 5 1982; Blok, 1991; Bui
Page 155 and 156: 144 Chapter 5 10-12). The third iss
Page 157 and 158: 146 Chapter 5 replaced the focus on
Page 159 and 160: 148 Chapter 5 from 220 MWe in 1990
Page 161 and 162: 150 Chapter 5 and supply. Only afte
Page 163 and 164: 152 Chapter 5 provides an overview
Page 165 and 166: 154 Chapter 5 Prospects for cogener
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Page 169 and 170: 158 Chapter 5 add, not a sufficient
Page 171 and 172: 160 Chapter 5
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Page 175 and 176: 164 Chapter 6 a liberalised market.
Page 177 and 178: 166 Chapter 6 were allowed to produ
Page 179 and 180: 168 Chapter 6 in the municipality o
Page 181 and 182: 170 Chapter 6 became in turn one of
Page 183 and 184: 172 Chapter 6 Table 6.1 Milestones
Page 185 and 186: 174 Chapter 6 6.4 Liberalisation of
Page 187 and 188: 176 Chapter 6 After the opening of
Page 189 and 190: 178 Chapter 6 Renewable Energy Cert
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180 Chapter 6 2001b). The company w
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182 Chapter 6 infancy, energy compa
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184 Chapter 6 What is striking that
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186 Chapter 6
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188 Chapter 7 meaning, infrastructu
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190 Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Social gro
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192 Chapter 7 Figure 7.3 A dynamic
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194 Chapter 7 7.3 Strengths and wea
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196 Chapter 7 Table 7.3 shows that
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198 Chapter 7 The process of libera
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200 Chapter 7 towards resource inde
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202 Chapter 7 improvement of cable
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204 Chapter 7 project. The high ene
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206 Chapter 7 of the promising nich
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208 Chapter 7
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210 Chapter 8 gain stability as a c
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212 Chapter 8 with the application
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214 Chapter 8 Table 8.2 Institution
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216 Chapter 8 growth rates of insta
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218 Chapter 8 This involved changes
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220 Chapter 8 contributes to a bett
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222 Chapter 8 decisions and rates o
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224 Chapter 8 The applicability of
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226 Chapter 8 8.5 Lessons for trans
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228 Chapter 8 ideas. Moreover, the
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230 Chapter 8 and decentral cogener
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232 Chapter 8
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234 References Arentsen, M.J., and
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236 References Bressers, H.Th.A. an
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238 References De Jong, J.J., E. We
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240 References EPRI (1999) Electric
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242 References Geels, F.W. (2002b)
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244 References Henderson, R.M. and
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246 References Islas, J. (1999) The
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248 References Dependence and Creat
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250 References Nelson, R.R. (1995a)
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252 References Quarles van Ufford,
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254 References Schmidheiny S. (1992
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256 References SNM (2000) Frisse Wi
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258 References Van de Ven, A.H. and
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260 References VROM (1993) National
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262 References
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264 Samenvatting analytisch kader d
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266 Samenvatting maar toch een grot
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268 Samenvatting
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