Innovation and institutional change: the transition to a sustainable ...
Innovation and institutional change: the transition to a sustainable ...
Innovation and institutional change: the transition to a sustainable ...
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Stability <strong>and</strong> transformation in <strong>the</strong> electricity system 113<br />
Table 4.5 L<strong>and</strong>marks in PV development 40<br />
1839 Becquerel discovers <strong>the</strong> pho<strong>to</strong>voltaic effect<br />
1954 Bell Labora<strong>to</strong>ries develops PV cell with 4.5-6% electrical efficiency<br />
1957 First PV cell in <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s, at Philips Nat Lab<br />
1958 Vanquard I satellite launched with six solar PV cells, first PV powered satellites<br />
1963 Sharp Corporation succeeds in producing practical silicon PV modules<br />
1970 KEMA starts research on renewable energy (three solar cell houses at KEMA grounds)<br />
1972 TUE starts with research on PV by researcher Daey-Ouwens (transferred from Philips)<br />
1973 PV system (1 kW) of Philips panels (French subsidiary) constructed at KEMA grounds.<br />
1975 EU R&D program for solar PV cells<br />
1976 Dutch branch of ISES (International Solar Energy Society, 1956) founded as interest group<br />
for PV with Van Koppen (TUE), Turkenburg (UU), <strong>and</strong> Francken (RUG).<br />
1978 Solar energy program started (NOZ-1), focus on <strong>the</strong>rmal, not on PV<br />
1980 Holecsol produces semi crystalline cells (van Solingen), with license from Solarex (US)<br />
Kema builds solar panel for hospital in Tanzania (as part of development aid)<br />
Several research groups engage in PV research (TUE, UU, Nijmegen, Amsterdam, TUD en<br />
Amolf), not yet funded by NOW<br />
1981 AMOLF starts PV related research program<br />
1982 Second Solar Program (NOZ-2), with some PV projects (7 out of 46)<br />
1982 AMOLF collaborates in PV research with Holecsol<br />
1984 Shell starts Renewable Energy Systems, takes over personnel from Holecsol<br />
1986 NOZ-3 with specific PV part (NOZ-PV-1)<br />
Collaboration Amolf with Holecsol continued in collaboration with R&S Renewable Energy<br />
Systems (now Shell Solar Energy)<br />
KEMA reduces PV research <strong>and</strong> focuses on st<strong>and</strong>ards <strong>and</strong> testing of PV panels<br />
Solar energy activities started at Ecofys in Utrecht<br />
1988 St<strong>and</strong> alone PV house in Castricum, 2.5 kWp<br />
Amolf approaches ECN regarding PV program<br />
1989 First grid-connected PV system in <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s (1.2 kWp) operational at ECN<br />
1990 Government R&D Program NOZ-PV-2<br />
1991 First 10 houses with grid connected PV in Heerhugowaard (Novem <strong>and</strong> Pen)<br />
1994 AC module developed (with Ac-Dc inverter) ; All electric zero energy house with 3.3 kWp<br />
Consultancy platform PV is formed<br />
1995 Housing district in Nieuw Sloten with grid connected PV (250 kWp)<br />
1996 First professor in PV technology (Sinke)<br />
1997 PV covenant concluded between various ac<strong>to</strong>rs <strong>and</strong> government<br />
1999 Shell Solar Energy formed as follow up from R&S<br />
1999 ECN forms business unit Solar Energy (around 50 people)<br />
2000 1 MW PV project at Nieuwl<strong>and</strong> (REMU, Ecofys, Novem, EU, a.o.)<br />
2002 2.3 MWp solar roof installed at Floriade (NUON, Siemens, Shell Solar, Econ. Affairs)<br />
2003 Installed PV rises with 80%, particularly through private panel owners<br />
2004 Dramatic drop in PV growth as various subsidies are discontinued; re-orientation of PV<br />
policy on R&D<br />
40 Sources: Sinke, 2000; Knoppers, 2000; Kruijsen, 1999; PV Power, The his<strong>to</strong>ry of PV,<br />
available at website http://pvpower.com/pvhis<strong>to</strong>ry.html.
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