Holocene records of the significance of ENSO on vegetation and fire ...
Holocene records of the significance of ENSO on vegetation and fire ...
Holocene records of the significance of ENSO on vegetation and fire ...
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Holocene</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>records</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>significance</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> vegetati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>fire</strong> regimes in<br />
deserts <strong>and</strong> semi-arid grassl<strong>and</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
United States <strong>and</strong> Mexico<br />
Andrea Brunelle<br />
Collaborators/C<strong>on</strong>tributors:<br />
Jose Delgadillo- Universidad Aut<strong>on</strong>oma de Baja California<br />
Thomas Minckley - University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Wyoming<br />
Sh Shawn Bli Blissett tt & DDustin ti GGarrett tt - UUniversity i it <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> f Ut Utah h<br />
Brenda Guzman - Universidad Aut<strong>on</strong>oma de Baja California<br />
Vance Holliday – University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ariz<strong>on</strong>a
So, what am I going to be talking about?<br />
L<strong>on</strong>g-term histories (~3000-8000 years)<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fenvir<strong>on</strong>mental i t l change h<br />
Wh Where? ? DDesert t wetl<strong>and</strong>s tl d or “ “ciénegas.” ié ”<br />
Cloverdale, NM<br />
C. Springer<br />
Ciénega de San Bernardino, S<strong>on</strong>ora
Objectives?<br />
Utili Utilize sediment di t <str<strong>on</strong>g>records</str<strong>on</strong>g> d tto provide id<br />
paleoecological rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>s for<br />
management bbaselines. l<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> history <strong>and</strong> interplay <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
vegetati<strong>on</strong>, g , large g scale climate<br />
phenomena, <strong>and</strong> <strong>fire</strong> history.
Canelo Hills Cienega g<br />
San Bernardino Nati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
Wildlife Refuge<br />
Cloverdale Cienega
Coastal Sage Scrub<br />
Dry Coastal Matorral<br />
S<strong>on</strong>oran Basin <strong>and</strong> Range<br />
Chaparral<br />
Central Desert<br />
Vizcaino Desert<br />
Lower Colorado Desert<br />
Madrean Archipelago<br />
Chihuahuan Deserts<br />
Ecoregi<strong>on</strong>s Map- EPA<br />
http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/community/fellow_details/final_reports/Charlotte_G<strong>on</strong>zalez_Abraham.pdf
The Basis for Sedimentary Research
Youngest sediment<br />
Oldest sediment
First….June 2004<br />
The Methods<br />
In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Field
A different approach<br />
AAugust t 2004
MMay 2005<br />
2 5<br />
JJust a bbit more mud…. d
Now we have it figured out (we think)<br />
November 2009, March 2010
PalDat<br />
http://pollen.usda.gov<br />
Stacy Morris<br />
Shar<strong>on</strong> Leopardi<br />
Stacy Morris<br />
Shawn Blissett<br />
PalDat<br />
In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lab
What h we are llearning?
Fire & Vegetati<strong>on</strong>
www.wea<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rpix.com<br />
www.gatewaytosed<strong>on</strong>a.com
Bar<strong>on</strong> et al. 2004; 2005
Nature, 2002<br />
Changes in<br />
frequency <strong>and</strong><br />
amplitude <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> events t<br />
at ~6k
Winter taxa:<br />
Ephedra (Morm<strong>on</strong> tea) after Martin (1963) <strong>and</strong><br />
www.nazflora.org<br />
Artemisia cf. ludoviciana (white sagebrush),<br />
Anem<strong>on</strong>e, Brassicaceae, <strong>and</strong> Geraniaceae after<br />
Mehringer (1965)<br />
Summer taxa:<br />
Asteraceae (sunflower family),<br />
www.missouriplants.com<br />
p<br />
Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae<br />
(goosefoot/amaranth families) after Hevly (1964),<br />
Poaceae (grass family) after Mehringer (1965),<br />
Larrea divaricata (creosote) <strong>and</strong> Acacia greggii (cat<br />
claw) as identified from Thomps<strong>on</strong> et al. (1999).<br />
www.nazflora.org<br />
sbsc.wr.usgs.gov<br />
www.wnmu.edu<br />
www.<strong>fire</strong>flyforest.com
RSBA<br />
SBBNWR<br />
Age (cal yr B.PP.)<br />
0<br />
500<br />
1000<br />
1500<br />
2000<br />
2500<br />
3000<br />
3500<br />
4000<br />
4500<br />
5000<br />
5500<br />
6000<br />
6500<br />
7000<br />
7500<br />
8000<br />
0.001<br />
0.010<br />
CHAR Background Frequency<br />
Peaks Winter:Summer<br />
0.100<br />
1.000<br />
10.000<br />
100.000<br />
interbedded fluvial/wetl<strong>and</strong> sediments<br />
100.000<br />
10.000<br />
1.000<br />
0.100<br />
0.010<br />
0.001<br />
More winter<br />
0 1 2 3 0 0.05 0.1<br />
particles/cm 2 /year <strong>fire</strong> episodes/100 years<br />
SBC1<br />
SBC2<br />
SBC3<br />
SBC4<br />
SBC5
RSBAA<br />
SBNWR<br />
Age (cal yrr<br />
B.P.)<br />
0<br />
500<br />
1000<br />
1500<br />
2000<br />
2500<br />
3000<br />
3500<br />
4000<br />
4500<br />
5000<br />
5500<br />
6000<br />
6500<br />
7000<br />
7500<br />
0.001<br />
0.0<br />
CHAR Background Frequency<br />
Peaks Winter:Summer<br />
8000 0.0<br />
10<br />
0.1<br />
00<br />
1.0<br />
00<br />
10. 000<br />
1000.000<br />
interbedded fluvial/wetl<strong>and</strong> sediments<br />
1000.000<br />
10. 000<br />
1.000<br />
0.100<br />
0.010<br />
01<br />
0 1 2 3 0 0.05 0.1<br />
particles/cm 2 /year <strong>fire</strong> episodes/100 years<br />
Less winter<br />
NAM +/- ??<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f<br />
Little charcoal<br />
SSummer ttaxa<br />
More winter<br />
SBC1<br />
SBC2<br />
SBC3<br />
SBC4<br />
SBC5
RSBAA<br />
SBNWR<br />
Age (cal yrr<br />
B.P.)<br />
0<br />
500<br />
1000<br />
1500<br />
2000<br />
2500<br />
3000<br />
3500<br />
4000<br />
4500<br />
5000<br />
5500<br />
6000<br />
6500<br />
7000<br />
7500<br />
0.0<br />
CHAR Background Frequency<br />
Peaks Winter:Summer<br />
8000 0.0<br />
0.001<br />
10<br />
0.1<br />
00<br />
1.0<br />
00<br />
10. 000<br />
1000.000<br />
interbedded fluvial/wetl<strong>and</strong> sediments<br />
1000.000<br />
10. 000<br />
1.000<br />
0.100<br />
0.010<br />
01<br />
NAM <strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><br />
↑ charcoal<br />
↑ winter taxa<br />
0 1 2 3 0 0.05 0.1<br />
particles/cm 2 /year <strong>fire</strong> episodes/100 years<br />
Less winter<br />
More winter<br />
SBC1<br />
SBC2<br />
SBC3<br />
SBC4<br />
SBC5<br />
NAM +/- / ??<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f<br />
Little charcoal<br />
Summer taxa
RSBAA<br />
SBNWR<br />
Age (cal yrr<br />
B.P.)<br />
0<br />
500<br />
1000<br />
1500<br />
2000<br />
2500<br />
3000<br />
3500<br />
4000<br />
4500<br />
5000<br />
5500<br />
6000<br />
6500<br />
7000<br />
7500<br />
0.0<br />
CHAR Background Frequency<br />
Peaks Winter:Summer<br />
8000 0.0<br />
0.001<br />
10<br />
0.1<br />
00<br />
1.0<br />
00<br />
10. 000<br />
1000.000<br />
interbedded fluvial/wetl<strong>and</strong> sediments<br />
1000.000<br />
10. 000<br />
1.000<br />
0.100<br />
0.010<br />
01<br />
0 1 2 3 0 0.05 0.1<br />
particles/cm 2 /year <strong>fire</strong> episodes/100 years<br />
Less winter<br />
SBC1<br />
SBC2<br />
↓NAM<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> modern<br />
SBC3<br />
Charcoal C a coa high g with t var. a<br />
More winter taxa<br />
NAM <strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> SBC4<br />
↑ charcoal<br />
↑ winter taxa<br />
More winter<br />
SBC5<br />
NAM +/- / ??<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f<br />
Little charcoal<br />
Summer taxa
RSBAA<br />
SBNWR<br />
Age (cal yrr<br />
B.P.)<br />
0<br />
500<br />
1000<br />
1500<br />
2000<br />
2500<br />
3000<br />
3500<br />
4000<br />
4500<br />
5000<br />
5500<br />
6000<br />
6500<br />
7000<br />
7500<br />
0.0<br />
CHAR Background Frequency<br />
Peaks Winter:Summer<br />
8000 0.0<br />
0.001<br />
10<br />
0.1<br />
00<br />
1.0<br />
00<br />
10. 000<br />
1000.000<br />
interbedded fluvial/wetl<strong>and</strong> sediments<br />
1000.000<br />
10. 000<br />
1.000<br />
0.100<br />
0.010<br />
01<br />
0 1 2 3 0 0.05 0.1<br />
particles/cm 2 /year <strong>fire</strong> episodes/100 years<br />
Less winter<br />
SBC1<br />
SBC2<br />
↓NAM<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><br />
SBC3<br />
Charcoal C a coa high g with t var. a<br />
Winter:Summer 50-100 yr<br />
NAM <strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> SBC4<br />
↑ charcoal<br />
↑ winter taxa<br />
More winter<br />
SBC5<br />
NAM +<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f<br />
Little charcoal<br />
Summer taxa
RSBAA<br />
SBNWR<br />
Age (cal yrr<br />
B.P.)<br />
0<br />
500<br />
1000<br />
1500<br />
2000<br />
2500<br />
3000<br />
3500<br />
4000<br />
4500<br />
5000<br />
5500<br />
6000<br />
6500<br />
7000<br />
7500<br />
0.0<br />
CHAR Background Peaks Frequency Winter:Summer<br />
warmer MCA<br />
↑background & freq<br />
More variability in veg veg.<br />
8000 0.0<br />
0.001<br />
10<br />
0.1<br />
00<br />
1.0<br />
00<br />
10. 000<br />
1000.000<br />
interbedded fluvial/wetl<strong>and</strong> sediments<br />
1000.000<br />
10. 000<br />
1.000<br />
0.100<br />
0.010<br />
01<br />
0 1 2 3 0 0.05 0.1<br />
particles/cm 2 /year <strong>fire</strong> episodes/100 years<br />
Less winter<br />
SBC1<br />
SBC2<br />
↓NAM<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong><br />
SBC3<br />
Charcoal C a coa high g with t var. a<br />
Winter:Summer 50-100 yr<br />
NAM <strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> SBC4<br />
↑ charcoal<br />
↑ winter taxa<br />
More winter<br />
SBC5<br />
NAM +/- / ??<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f<br />
Little charcoal<br />
Summer taxa
age (cal yr BP) 4_110<br />
0<br />
500<br />
1000<br />
1500<br />
2000<br />
2500<br />
3000<br />
3500<br />
4000<br />
4500<br />
5000<br />
5500<br />
Cloverdale, NM<br />
Winter Wet<br />
Artemisia<br />
Ephedra<br />
Anem<strong>on</strong>e<br />
Brassicaceae<br />
Geraniaceae cf<br />
Chenopodiaceae<br />
Asteraceae<br />
Ambrosia<br />
Cirsium<br />
Poaceae<br />
Summer Wet<br />
Larrea<br />
Caltrop<br />
Sidalcea neomexicana<br />
Polyg<strong>on</strong>aceae<br />
Eriog<strong>on</strong>um<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Quercus<br />
Ericaceae<br />
Prosopis<br />
Agave<br />
Yucca<br />
Polyg<strong>on</strong>um<br />
Cyperaceae<br />
Low pollen preservati<strong>on</strong><br />
Aquatics<br />
Typhaceae/Sparganiaceae<br />
Typha latifolia<br />
Aquatic Sum<br />
20 40 20 40 20 40 20 20 40 20 40<br />
Low pollen preservati<strong>on</strong> from ~3500-45oo cal yr BP…..<br />
Fabaceae<br />
Oxytropis<br />
Loranthaceae<br />
Lilliaceae<br />
Cephalanthus (cf)<br />
Saxifragaceae (cf)<br />
Corylus<br />
Celtis<br />
Ulmus<br />
Acer<br />
Salix<br />
Populus<br />
Total pine
age (cal yr BP)<br />
-100<br />
0<br />
100<br />
200<br />
300<br />
400<br />
500<br />
600<br />
700<br />
800<br />
900<br />
1000<br />
1100<br />
1200<br />
1300<br />
1400<br />
1500<br />
1600<br />
1700<br />
1800<br />
1900<br />
2000<br />
2100<br />
2200<br />
2300<br />
2400<br />
2500<br />
2600<br />
2700<br />
2800<br />
2900<br />
3000<br />
Canelo Hills, AZ<br />
Winter Wet<br />
Artemisia S WW W<br />
Geraniaceae e H<br />
Brassicaceae ae H WW<br />
Amaranthace ceae H SW<br />
Asteraceae H H SW<br />
Summer Wet<br />
Ambrosia H SW S<br />
Cirsium H SW SW<br />
Chicory H SW SW<br />
Poaceae H SW S<br />
Euphorbiacea eae H SW<br />
Rosaceae SSW S S<br />
Cyperaceae WL W<br />
Aquatic<br />
total Pinaceae ae E<br />
herbs<br />
SUMS<br />
shrubs<br />
trees<br />
20 40 20 40 60 20 40 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 100 20<br />
The initiati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Canelo Hills cienega (or reactivati<strong>on</strong>) at ~3000 cal yr BP,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same time that it gets wet again at Cloverdale
How do<br />
0<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sites 500<br />
compare?<br />
age (cal yr y BP)<br />
1000<br />
1500<br />
2000<br />
2500<br />
3000<br />
3500<br />
4000<br />
4500<br />
5000<br />
5500<br />
6000<br />
6500<br />
7000<br />
7500<br />
8000<br />
Canelo Hills<br />
San Bernardino<br />
Cloverdale<br />
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000<br />
charcoal accumulati<strong>on</strong> rate (particles/cm 2 /year)<br />
Moy et al. 2002<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> events<br />
Winter Wet
Fire & Vegetati<strong>on</strong><br />
• Fire occurrence in desert shrubl<strong>and</strong> seems to be associated<br />
with cycles y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wetting g<strong>and</strong> drying y g<br />
• Similar to southwestern forests, a relati<strong>on</strong>ship is<br />
observed between <str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> variability <strong>and</strong> <strong>fire</strong><br />
• No <str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> no <strong>fire</strong><br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g>stable <strong>fire</strong> regime, vegetati<strong>on</strong> shifts<br />
• Warmer with <str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> (e.g. MCA) even more frequent <strong>fire</strong><br />
• OOnset <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> f<str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> iis c<strong>on</strong>current with i hperennial i lst<strong>and</strong>ing di water<br />
at Cloverdale <strong>and</strong> low pollen preservati<strong>on</strong> marks a decrease<br />
in El Nino events. events<br />
• Canelo Hills Cienega initiates at ~3000 cal yr BP when El<br />
Nino event frequency q yincreases.
Implicati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• DData t ffor restorati<strong>on</strong> t ti (<strong>fire</strong>s (fi & resilience) ili )<br />
• <str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> important for <strong>fire</strong> in desert ecosystems.<br />
• Future <strong>fire</strong> regimes in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> desert? Presence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ciénegas?<br />
• Likely linked to future <str<strong>on</strong>g>ENSO</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• Current IPCC inc<strong>on</strong>clusive ` due to model limitati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
• Wara et al. (2005) show c<strong>on</strong>tinued El Nino- like<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s in Pliocene (~4.5-3.0 milli<strong>on</strong> years ago &<br />
warmer-than-modern)<br />
h d )<br />
• Seager et al. (2007) suggest greater winter drought<br />
<strong>and</strong> persistent La Nina<br />
• Increased drought <strong>and</strong> heat predicted (IPCC, 2007)- but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
impact p <strong>on</strong> <strong>fire</strong> regime g will depend p <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> seas<strong>on</strong>ality y<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
precipitati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> invasive species (e.g.<br />
lohmans lovegrass, cheatgrass <strong>and</strong> buffelgrass)
Fish Lake Wetl<strong>and</strong>, MN<br />
U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Prescribed Burn
What Next?<br />
• Dt Data ffrom Ciénega Cié San S Bernardino B di <strong>and</strong> dCl Cloverdale dl suggest t<br />
that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ecosystem resp<strong>on</strong>se (<strong>fire</strong> regime, vegetati<strong>on</strong><br />
compositi<strong>on</strong> compositi<strong>on</strong>, hydrology) is variable depending <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
vegetati<strong>on</strong> community, even within “desert” systems.<br />
•Complete p <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> analyses y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sediments from Canelo Hills<br />
<strong>and</strong> Babocamari (two cienegas in close proximity) to see<br />
how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y register <str<strong>on</strong>g>Holocene</str<strong>on</strong>g> variati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y<br />
compare to existing i i sites. i<br />
• Add additi<strong>on</strong>al sites fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r east, fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r west, fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r south<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong> Baja California to develop gradients based <strong>on</strong><br />
vegetati<strong>on</strong> community, elevati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r variables.
Acknowledgements<br />
EPA SCERP<br />
Bill Radke<br />
Joe <strong>and</strong> Valer Austin<br />
Bob Minckley<br />
Owen Davis<br />
Todd Daines<br />
Shi Shizuo Ni Nishizawa hi<br />
Jessica Spencer
QUESTIONS?<br />
!<br />
Muchas Gracias!
Sierra Juarez<br />
Sierra san Pedro Martir
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