1995 - 3 - Siirtolaisuusinstituutti

I 

SIIRTOLAISUUSINSTITU UTTI 

I-ainio 

ofFinnish 

Scandinavia, Part Il 

on Finnish 

1 995 

3 

. MIGRATIONSINSTITUTET O INSTITUTE OF MIGRATI 

SIIRTOLAISUUS 

MIGRATION

Siirtolaisuus - Migration 

22. vuosikefia I 22th year 

Siirtolaisuusinstituutti r Migrationsinstitutet o Institute of Migration 

Piispankatu 3, 20500 Turku, Finland, puh./tel. (9)21,-23 17 536 

tu. (9)2r-23 33 460 

Pohjanmaan aluekeskus . dsterbottens regioncenter o The Regional 

Centre of Ostrobothnia 

Keikulinkuj a 2, 61700 Periiseiniijoki, Finland, puh./tel (9)64-41, 81 27 9 

tur (9)6a-a1U219 

o P dd.to i m ittaj a I Ed i to r- i n -C h i ef; Olavi Koivukangas 

o T o i m itu ss i hte er i I Ed ito r i al Assistant: Taimi Sainio 

o ToimittajatlEditors: Krister Bjorklund, Maija-Liisa Kalhama, 

Jouni Korkiasaari 

c ToimituskuntalEditorial Eoard: Siirtolaisuusinstituutin hallitus/ 

Administrative Board of the Institute of Migration 

o Tilaushinta:40 mk/vuosi (4 numeroa), PSP 800014-70355471 

o Subscriptions: Finland and Scandinavia 40 FlM, 

other countries $12.00 a year (4 issues) 

Siirtolaisuusinstituutin hallitus/Administrative Board of the 

Institute of Miqration 

Haf lituksen puheenjohtaja: Rai4to Narjus, rakennusneuvos 

Tory Sandlund, tutkimusjohtaja (SSKH) Suomen Kuntaliitto 

Abo Akademi ja Helsingin yliopisto Aimo putkkinen, ohjelmajohtaja 

llkka-Christian Bj1rklund, toiminnanjohtaja Vdestoliitto 

Suomi-Seura r.y. Heikki Siloota. suunnittelusihteeri 

Ul la-M aria H elan i emi, toimistopdAllikko Turun kaupunki 

Ulkoasiainministerio 

Ke ij o Vi rtanen, professori 

Ol I i Kultal ahti, apulaisprofessori 

Turun yliopisto 

Tarnpereen yliopisto 

Asiantuntijajiisen: 

Risto Laakkonen. neuvotteleva virkamies P e kka Pe rttu Ia. kunnanjohtaja 

Perdseiniijoen kunta 

lvomtntsleno 

lkk; Meked, vs. sihteeri 

Kirkon ulkomaanasiain neuvosto 

Henkilcikunta/Staff 

Olavi Koivukangas 

lohtaja iDirector 

Kalevi Korpela 

vt. tutkimussihteeri/Research Secretary 

(Krister Bj6rklund virkavapaa/off dutyi 

Maija-Liisa Kalhama 

osastosihteeri/Departmental Secretary 

Jouni Korkiasaari 

erikoistutkija/Senior Research Officer 

Kaisa Kilpeldinen, Eve Kyn6je, Juha Niemeld 

tutkijat/Research Off icers 

Matti Kumpulainen 

siirtolaisrekisterisihteeri/Begistrar, Emigrant 

Register 

Seija Sirkiii 

toimistosihteeri/Bureau Secretary 

Piija Niittykoski 

vs. toimistovirkailija/Off ice Assistant 

(An n e V i rtan e n virkavapaa/off d uty) 

Taimi Sainio 

va. kirjastovirkailija/Librarian 

Sirkka-Liisa Laurila, Elisabeth Uschanov 

siirtolaisrekisterivirkailijat/Emigrant Register 

Officers 

Outi Liedes 

aluesihteeri/Regional Coordinator 

Pohjanmaan aluekeskus/The Regional 

Centre of Ostrobothnia 

Knnsi: YK:n piiiisihteeri, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, ja 

Australian pii:imini,steri" Paul Keating, olivat Cultural 

Diversity -konferenssin prizipuhujat Sydneyssd. (Kuva: 

Olavi Koivukangas) 

Coyer: UN's General Secretary, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 

and Prime Minister of Australia, Paul Keating, were the 

main soeakers of the Cultural Diversitv Conference in 

Sydney. (Photo: Olavi Koin*angas) 

Typopress Oy, Turku 1995

Australian monikulttuuri 

malliksi muulle maailmalle 

Dydneyssii 26.-28.4.7995 pidetty Globqt 

Cultural D ia ersity -konfererssi liittyi YK:n 

jotka johtavat satojentuhansien ihmisten 

kuolemaan ja miljoonien joutumiseen pa- 

perustamisen S0-vuotisjuhliin sekd sukolaisiksi. Ulkoministeri Evansin muvaitsevaisuuden 

vuoteen 1995. Konfekaan Australian monikulturismi tulisi 

rerssiin osallistui noin 1000 henkeii 50 eri 

maasta - joukossa yksi Suomesta. 

laajentaa yleismaailmalliseksi. 

Australian piiiiministeri Paul Keating 

Konferenssin piiiipuhuja, YK:n piiiisih- totesi, ettii Australian monikulttuurisuus 

teeri Boutros Boutros-Ghali, korosti muodostuu 220 maahan muuttaneesta 

oman kulttuurin kuuluvan jokaisen ih- kansallisuudesta. Australian viiestostii 

misen perusoikeuksiin. Kulttuurien eri- 42 prosenttia orr siirtolaisia tai siirtolaislaisuudesta 

johtuvat konfliktit ovat ihter"r lapsia. Sen Iisiiksi maassa on yli 200 

miskunnan ja YK:n suuria ongelmia. Piiii- kielta kasitt;ivii 330 000:n ihmisen alkusihteeri 

valiiti mikro-natiorralismin kasperiiisviiestci. P;ieiministeri korosti myos 

vua perusfuen etniseery uskonnolliseen sitii. ettii Australia voisi olla mallina 

ja kulttuuriseen separatismiin. Boutros muulle maailmalle siitii, kuinka kulttuu- 

Boutros-Ghalirr mukaan ydirrkysymys rien erilaisuus voidaan muuttaa positiivi- 

tulee olemaary kykeneviitko 21:n vuosiseksi voimaksi kansakunnan parhaaksi. 

sadan valtiot takaamaan kansalaisilleen Myos UNESCO:n piiiijohtaja Frederico 

tyotii, alueellisia oikeuksia ja kulttuurien Mayor painotti kulttuurien erilaisuuden 

loukkaamattomuuden. 

hyodyllisyyttZi yhteiskuntien elinvoiman 

Australian ulkoministeri Gareth liihteen;i. 

Evans totesi Australian hyotyneen rnoni- Tara Mukherjee, Euroopan Neuvoston 

kultfuurisuudestaary mutta monissa Siirtolaisfoorumin puheenjohtaja, esitti 

rnaissa etniset, uskonnolliset ja kansalli- pessimistiserr ndkemyksen Euroopan tuset 

vastakkainajautumiset ovat aiheuttalevaisuudesta, siind tapauksessa, ettei 

neet kuolemaatuottaneita selkkauksia. EU:n 15-miljoonaisen siirtolaisviieston 

Vuosina 1989-92 82:sta aseellisesta vii- suhteen onnistuttaisi toteuttamaan Austlienselvittelystii 

79 tapahtui valtioiden sis2illii, 

ja v. 1993 jokainen 34:std aseellisesralian 

fair go-mallia. Mik;ili "jatkuvasti 

istutaan ihmisten niskan pddlld", seuta 

konfliktista tapahtui valtioiden rajojen rauksena tulee olemaan sosiaalisia levot- 

sisiipuolella. 

tomuuksia ja "verta ja tulta kaduilla". 

Evansin mukaan viikivaltaiset konfl ik- Professori Tomas Hammarin esitelmii 

tit joiden tavoitteena on luoda omia val- kiisitteli Euroopan siirtolaisviihemmistotioita, 

kaataa istuvia hallituksia tai pyrkili jen poliittista osallistumista. EU:n v2ihin- 

autonomiaary eiviit tule vtihenemii;in liitiiin 15 miljoonan ihmisen siirtolaisviiesto 

hitulevaisuudessa. Kansainviilinen yh- on ilman tiiysi2i poliittisia oikeuksia vielii 

teiso ei voi katsella sivusta konflikteja, 20-30 vuoden maassa asumisen iiilkeen.

Useimmissa maissa vaaditaan tiiysi kantostii L0 % on ulkonZiciltiizin tunnistettasalaisuus, 

ja se on vaikea saada esim. vissa vdhemmistoksi (uisible minorities), 

Saksassa. Paikallisvaaleissa on ulkomaa- suurissa kaupungeissa kuten Toronto ja 

laisilla iiiinioikeus pohjoismaissa ja AIan- Vancouver jopa joka neljiis asukas. Monikomaissa. 

Monikulttuuripolitiikka, jonkulttuurisuus omaksuttiin Kanadassa v. 

ka tavoitteena olisi turvata vdhemrnistci- 1.977 javahvistettiinlailla v. 1988. Kanada 

jen oikeudet ja tarpeet, on Euroopassa 20 pyrkii rakentamaan monista kulttuureis- 

vuoden jiilkeen kriisisszi. 

la coherent society' a, jolla on yhteiset arvot, 

Konferenssissa kiinitettiin huomiota mutta joka kunnioittaa erilaisuutta. Ta- 

maailman 200-miljoonaisen alkuperiiisvoitteena on saada Kanada kukoistavdeston 

ja sen kulttuurien uhanalaisen maan myos taloudellisesti, sosiaalisesti ja 

aseman vaatimiin erikoistoimenpiteisiin. kulttuurisesti kiiyttiimiillii hyodyksi kult- 

Myos ihmisten oikeutta oman kielensd tuurien erilaisuutta. 

kiiyttoon korostettiin. Konferenssi antoi Donald M. Payne, USA:n kongressin 

tukensa kansainviiliselle yhteistydlle 

naisten aseman parantamiseksi kaikissa 

jAsen, sanoi Yhdysvalloissa vallinneen 

rnelting pot -filosofian aina 1950- ja 1960yhteiskunnissa. 

Nuorisoon kiinnitettiin Iuvuille saakka. Sitten tuli ns. Blackpower 

huomiota toteamalla, ettii monikultuuri- politiikka, kunmustasta tuli kaunista. Sasuuden 

ja suvaitsevaisuuden tulevaisuus nasta negro tuli Black Arnerican ja myo- 

muotoillaan pZiivittAin koulujen luokissa hemmin.A,fr o- American. 1960-luvulla alet- 

ja pihamailla. 

tiin puhua kulttuurimosaiikista, kun tar- 

Australian monikulttuurisuus on ollut koitettiin eri etnisiii ryhmiii. Vasta 1980- 

mii2iriitietoisen tyon tulosta. Vasta v. 1967 luvulla vakiintui kiiyttodrr kiisite multi- 

maan alkuperiiisvliesto sai kaikki kansaculturnlism. Mutta USA on ollut ja on 

laisoikeudet. V. 7972 tyciviienpuolueen edelleen luokkayhteiskunta. Esim. Prin- 

hallitus lakkautti ns. valkoinen Australia 

-politiikan. Toisen maailmansodan jiilcetonin 

yliopistossa New Jerseyssii ei ennen 

v. 1945 ollut yhtiiAn afro-amerikkakeen 

nyt vajaan 18 rniljoonan asukkaan laista opiskelijaa. Tiilliikin hetkellii ver- 

Australiaan on tullut yli 5 miljoonaa siirrattuna valkoihoisten miesten palkkoihin 

tolaista. Viime vuosina maahanmuuttaji- mustat miehet ansaitsevat 74o/o, espanjaen 

enemmistci on tullut Aasian maista, 

mm. Hong Kongista, joka v. L99Tliitetiiiin 

laisperiiiset miehet 64 "/o, valkoihoiset 

naiset 70 % ja espanjalaisperdiset naiset 

Kiinaan. Siirtolaisviieston suurin ongel- 53%. 

ma on tycittomyys. Kun maan tycittcimyysaste 

on 9.7 prosenttia, siirtolaisvdes- 

Jonathan Parapak, kansliapiiiillikko 

Indonesian turismin, postin ja telekomtollii 

se on 14 prosenttia. 

munikaation ministeriossd, kertoi 

Sheila Finestone, Kanadan monikult- Marshall Mcluhanin ennustaneen jo 50 

tuuriasioiden ministeri ja parlamentin jii- vuotta sitten Global Villagm synfymisen 

sen, kertoi maailmassa olevan noin 100 tiedonvZilityksen seurauksena. Indonesi- 

miljoonaa siirtolaista. Pakolaisia on 19 an 17 508:lla saarella asuu 300 erilaista 

miljoonaa ja niiiden lis2iksi 20 miljoonaa etnistii ryhmiiii. Indonesiar-r valtion hrn- 

pakolaista omassa maassaan. 

nus onkin yhteys erilaisuudessa (Unity in 

Kanadan viiestcjstii neljii prosenttia on diausiQ). Presiderrtti Suharto on sanonut: 

alkuperiiiskansoja ja 42 7" Kanadan Antakaamme ndiden eroavuuksien yh- 

asukkaista on muuta kuin brittiliiistii tai disttiii meitii ... kuten monivdrisen sateen- 

rarrskalaista alkuperiiii. Kanadan vdeskaaren harmooninen kauneus.

Imelda Roche, Aushalia, Nutri-Metics 

Internationsl Holdin gs' in presidentti, totesi 

ettii puolet maailman kaupasta kiiydiiiin 

kaukoidiin markkinolla. mitk2i 

edustavat noin 2 miljardia ihmistii. 2/3 

Australian kaupasta suuntautuu Kauko- 

Itiiiin, erityisesti Japaniin. Kasvu on ollut 

nopeata viime vuosina. Australian etnisillii 

viihemmistoillii on suuri merkitys 

ulkomaankaupan edisttijiinii, sillZi maassa 

on yli 220 eri kanallisuutta. APEC kiisittii2i 

18 Pacific Rimmin valtiota, joilla 

kaikilla on erilainen kultnruri. 

Dr. Anrew TheopharLus, Australian 

parlamentin jiisen ja ptiiiministerin sihteeri 

monikulttuuriasioissa, lainasi Ausfralian 

National Agendaa: "Multiculturalism 

manages cultural diversity in the 

interests of the irrdividual and the society 

as a whole." Theophanuksen mukaan 

Australia on onnistunut omassa monikulttuurisuudessaan 

ottamaan huomioon 

sekd erilaisuuden ettii yhteniiisyyden 

periaatteet. 

Cultural Diousity -konf erenssin loppulausunnossa 

korostettiin kansainvdlisen 

yhteistyon merkitystii kulttuurien erilaisuuteen 

liittyviin vuoropuhelun jatkamiseksi. 

UNESCO, ja erityisesti sen sosiaalisen 

muutoksen ohjelma (MOST), voisi 

toimia seuraavien konferenssien jiirjest2ijana 

ja muun yhteistyon edistiijiinii. Ehdotus 

kansainvdlisen monikulttuuri-instituutin 

perustamisesta kirjattiin myos 

piiiitosasiakirjaan. 

Olarsi Koiauknngas 

Australia's Multiculturalism As a Model 

For Other Countries 

rF 

I he Global Cultural Diaersity conferplored the growth of micro-nationalism, 

ence, held in Sydney 26-28 April7995, based on ethnic, religious and cultural 

was linked both with the fiftieth anniver- separatism; the crucial question in the 

sary of the establishment of the United 21st century is going to be whether 

Nations, and with the 7995 Year of Toler- governments can succeed in guaranteeance. 

The conference was attended by ing their citizers work, regional rights, 

around a thousand delegates, from fifty and cultural integrity. 

different countries, including one repre- The Australian Minister for External 

sentative from Finland. 

Affairs, GarethEvans, noted thatwhereas 

The main speaker at the Conference Australia has benefited frorn its muiticul- 

was the Secretary-General of the United turalism, in many countries ethnic, re- 

Nations, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who ligious and national polarization has led 

stressed that one of the basic human to fatal con-frontations. Among the 82 

rights is the right to one's own culture. armed conflicts occurring worldwide 

Conflicts arising from cultural differ- during the period 7989-92,79 took place 

ences constitute one of the greatest prob- within the borders of sovereign states, 

lems currently facing the UN and and every one of the 34 armed conflicts in 

mankind. The Secretary-General de- 1993 occurred inside national borders.

Evans argued that violent conflicts rights even when they have been living 

aimed at the establishment of an inde- in their new home countries for L5-20 

pendent state, the overtlrrow of ruling years. In most states, full citizenship is 

governments, or the achievement of required, and this can be difficult to ob- 

greater autonomy are unlikely to tain, for example in Germany, though in 

diminish within the immediate future. some countries, e.g. in the Nordic coun- 

The international community cannot tries and the Netherlands, permanently 

simply stand aside and watchwhere con- resident non-citizens may have the vote 

flicts lead to hundreds of thousands of in local elections. After twenty years, 

deaths and millions of refugees. Evans Europe's multicultural policies, designed 

suggested that a global model for recon- to ensure minority rights and needs, are 

ciliation could be provided by the multi- irr crisis. 

culturalism achieved in Australia. 

The Conjerence also focused on the 

As the Australian Prime Minister. 200 million members of the world's 

Paul Keating, noted, Australia's multi- aboriginal peoples, and the special measculturalism 

is composed of immigrants ures necessitated by the threat to their 

from 220 different natiorral back- cultures. The Cor-rference also expressed 

grounds. 42 per cent of the population its support for the right to .rse onb's o*n 

of Australia are either first- or second- larrguage, and for international colgeneration 

immigrants; in additiory the laboratiorr to improve the positiorr of 

members of the aboriginal population women in all societies; nor were young 

number 330 000, and speak 200 different people forgotten, since it was noted that 

languages. The Prime Minister argued the foundations for multiculturalism and 

that Australia could provide a model toleration are laid day by day in school 

for the rest of the worid as to how crrl- classrooms and playgrounds. 

tural diversity can be turned into a posi- In Australia, multiculturalism is the 

tive force for the national good. Similarly, result of a deliberate undertaking. It was 

the Director-General of UNESCO, not until 7967 that the aboriginal popula- 

Frederico Mayor, stressed the benefits tion were granted full citizership, and in 

for societies of cultural diversity as a 7972 the Labor goverrunent abandoned 

source of vigour. 

the White Austraiia imnigration policy. 

Tara Mukherjee, chairperson of the Since the Second World War. Australia 

Migrants Forum set up by the Councii of (with a population currently around 18 

Europe, painted a pessimislic scenario for million) has absorbed over five million 

Europe unless the 15 million immigrants immigrants. In recent years/ the majority 

within the European Union can be en- of arrivals have come from Asian counsured 

an Australian-typ e fnir go. If people 

are constantly ,tndet pressr,t", ine 

tries, such as Hong KonB, due to be ceded 

to China in 7997. The major problem 

warned, the outcorne will be social unrest facing the immigrant population is un- 

and "blood and fire orr the streets". en'rployment, sirrce whereas the unem- 

A paper was presented by Professor ployment rate for the country as a whole 

Tomas Hammar on the subject of political is9.7 per cent, arnong the immigrants it 

participation among Europe's immigrant is 14 per cent. 

minorities. The irnmigrant population of Sheila Finestone, MP, the Canadian 

the EU, numbering at least 15 milliorr, Minister for Multiculturalism, stated that 

largely remain without full political in the world altogether there are around

100 million migrants. There are about 19 

million refugees, not corrnting a further 

20 million who are refugees within their 

own countries. 

Four per cent of the population of 

Carnda consist of the country's aboriginal 

peoples, and 42 o/o Marshall Mcluhan had predicted the 

birth of the Global V illnge as a consequence 

of the new information media. The motto 

of the state of Indonesia, with 300 different 

ethnic groups inhabiting its 17 508 

are of other than 

islands, is Unity in Diuersity, and he 

quoted President Suharto: Let these 

British or French origin. Ten per cent of differences unite us ... like the harmonic 

the Canadian population belong to uisible beauty of the many-coloured rainbow. 

minorities, but in the major cities such as Imelda Roche, Australia, President of 

Toronto or Vancouver this proportion is Nutri-Metics lnternational Holdings, noted 

closer to a quarter. Mu-lticulturalism was that half of the world's trade is conducted 

officially adopted in Canada in797'J., and in the markets of the Far East, comprising 

confirmed by legislation in 1988. Canada about two billion people. Two-thirds of 

aims to build out of its many cultures a Ausbalia's foreign trade is carried on 

coherent society, sharing corrunon values with the Far East, particularly withJapan, 

but with respect for diversity. The aim is and in recent years growth has been 

also to draw upon the resources of cul- rapid. APEC comprises 18 states on the 

tural diversity in order to promote Pacific Rim, each with iis own distinct 

Canada's economic, social and cultural culture, and Australia's ethnic minorities, 

well-being. 

representing 220 nationalities, have a 

Congressman Donald M. Payne, from major role to play in promoting foreign 

the United States, described how until the trade. 

1950s and 1960s the USA had followed a Dr Andrew Theophanus, MP, the 

melting-pot philosophy. This was dis- Australian Prime Minister's Secretary for 

placed by the Black Power period, when Multicultural Affairs, quoted from the 

black became beautiful. The word N egro w as Austral ian N ation nl Agenda: "multicultur- 

replaced, firstby Black Amuicaz, and then alism manages cultural diversity in the 

by Afro-Ameriun. During the 1960s, the interests of the individual and the society 

metaphor of a cultural mosaic began to be as a whole." Theophanus asserted that 

used to refer to different ethnic groups, Australia, in its own multiculturalism, 

but it was not until the 1980s that the has succeeded in respecting the prin- 

concept of multiculturalismbecame established. 

On the other hand, the USA has 

ciples 'The both of diversity and of unity. 

Cultursl Diiersity ConJerence 

alwaysbeen, and remains, a class society. Final Statement stressed the importance 

At Princeton University, New ]ersey, for of international collaboration in main- 

instance, prior to 1945 there had not been taining a dialogue on cultural diversity. 

a single Afro-American student. Even UNESCO, especially through MOST, its 

today, in comparison to White male in- program for social change, could organcomes, 

Black males earn74 per cent, Hisize the next conference and promote 

panic males 64"h,White women 70 % and other forms of collaboration. The Final 

Hispanic women 53 %. 

Statement also recorded a proposal to 

jonathan Parapak, of the Indonesian establish an international Institute of 

Ministry for Tourism, Posts andTelecom- Multiculturalism. 

munications, recalled how fifty years ago 

Olaai Koiauknngas

Studies of Finnish in North 

America and Scandinavia 

Part II 

Jarmo Lainio 

1n 

the first part a basic description of the 

lsettings and the targets for the studies 

reference data and the level of comparison 

for the other language is the written 

in terms of linguistic levels were given. standard. Tentatively, this could mean 

Here, the studies are scrutinized slightly that the studies of languages in contact 

more in detail from other angles. have carried severe theoretical bias (cf. 

Linell 1982). Hypothetically, studies 

Approaches and targets of studies using the same individuals for the study 

Basic approach in studies 

of both languages in contact may find 

themselves in need to modify basic as- 

Table L basically tries to track down sumptions of language contact at speech 

whether, 1) the studies have included and language level. Whatbecomes a mat- 

both languages of the individual speaker, ter of interest in this respect is then, 

2) the studies have either cornpared data whether attempts have been made to 

from one language at language level to avoid such bias. 

those of the other language, or 3) in- The label "Interlingual" (Table 1) 

dividuals have been used as sources for covers cases, where linguistic feafures 

one language but not for the other. For have been studied and described in 

example, one language may have been theoretical frameworks, which are either 

studied at the individuai level of the connected to assumptions of universal 

speaker, but data on the other language features in human language, or which 

are taken from written sources or from have stated that there are linguistic fea- 

other speakers' (normally group level) tures worth considering, which neither 

data. This would be labeled a "Monolin- emanate from Finnish nor its contact langual" 

language contact study in Table 1. guage. Regarding features that have been 

A "Bilingual" (contact) study would be termed "neutralizations" (e.g. Andersson 

one which includes data on both lan- forthc.) in various studies, they are 

guages from the same individual or covered by the "Bilingual" label, since 

samples of corresponding informants. they have features in common with both 

Reasons for this kind of taxonomy are, languages. 

i.a. that most studies prior to the 1990's In Table 1 there is a gap or less wides- 

have been of the monolingual language pread representation in the column refer- 

contact type. This normally implies that ring to interlingual, and to some extent, to 

bilingual studies. This partly reflects the 

fact that interest in Firurish has been shown 

Docent larmo Lainio, Department of 

F innish, S tockholm Uniaersity, Sweden 

by scholars, whose interests have notbeen 

grounded in recent theoretical frame-

Studies ol Finnish in North Arnerica and Scandinavia, ll 

Table 1. Basic descriptive approach, "linguistic world view", 

to data at speaker Ieve[. Linguistic theory/paradigm 

Monolingual 

Nonaay 

Autochthonic X 

Assimilated X 

Immigrants (x) 

Sweden 

Autochthonic X 

Assimilated X 

Ethnic Min./ X 

Immigrants (x) 

Canada 

Ethnic Min. /Immigrants 

USA 

Ethnic Min. /Immigrants 

Interlingual Bilingual 

; 

(x) 

works, even though examples of this can 

be found as well. 

Linguistic and time perspectiae of studies 

Basically three perspectives (with some 

subcategories) recur in linguistic studies 

on (spoken) language. One may study a) 

the synchroric product, b) the process of 

language change in apparent time, and c) 

theprocess of language change in rul time. 

"Product" studies refer to those, 

which include one undifferentiaied 

population or one cross-section of a 

population, studied at one point in time. 

"Process in apparent time" refers to studies, 

which include comparisons between 

different cross-sections of 

speakers at the same point in time, or 

between one population and other kinds 

of data or other populations from 

another point in tirne, in order to state an 

accomplished change or a change inprogress. 

"Process in real time" in this con- 

X 

(x) 

(x) 

X 

(x) 

X 

X 

X (x) 

X 

(x) 

X 

(x) 

text refers to studies, which involve representatives 

of the same sample at different 

times, with the same individuals (occasionally 

with additional individual informants). 

The most tedious sampling 

and analysing procedures of the linguistic 

material can probably be found under 

the third alternative. This gives, however, 

the most reliable results regarding 

lasting changes. It is further the most 

demanding method in terms of manpower 

and economy. 

Linguistic products have been studied 

in most settings, except among recent immigrants. 

Almost no studies on recent 

immigrants' use of Finnish may be found, 

but some on their use of the target language 

(English and Swedish, for example). 

In quantitative studies the use of apparent 

time-changes, i.e. the differences 

revealed by comparisons between different 

subgroups of speakers (by age and

sex), has been a methodological short-cut 

to estimations on changes in the linguistic 

system. The apparent changes may also 

be inferred by comparing material from 

different times. This dynamic aspect is 

not easily adaptated to studies on the 

lexi cory and has thus notbeen used to any 

noteworthy extent in settings characterised 

by a predominantly lexicological 

direction. 

For Kvens, Lindgren (1993a) has tried 

to describe the apparent changes between 

different sources. Winsa (1991) has 

studied how the dialect border between 

Tornedal Finnish and Giillivare Finnish 

has changed since the days of Airila 

(1912). Lainio (7989,1990,1997) has compared 

adult Sweden Finns both intergenerationally 

among Sweden Finns and 

to their respective source country dialects. 

In a bilingual project on adolescents 

and their parents, similarities and differences 

between them, both in FirLrLish and 

Swedish will be studied (Lainio forthc.). 

Kainulainen (1993) has made an intergenerational 

study with a third-generation 

Canadian Finn, as compared to his 

parents. Larmouth (1974; cf. also Hirvonen 

& Lauttamus 7994) has compared 

four generations' preferred case forms, 

and the increasing use of analytical 

means. 

Thereal time changes have for practical 

reasons been rare, also internationally, 

but some long-terrn studies on Finnish 

may be found. Paunonen & Wande (1990; 

cf. Winsa L993) have designed a project 

studying both language attitudes and 

language use among the same speakers 

in the 1960's and 1990's. In the project 

Bilingualism at School, school-aged 

children have been followed uo both in 

Finnish and Swedish for seveial years 

(e.g., Viberg 1988; Juvonen et al. 1989). 

Pietilri (1989:17-18) has compared American 

Finns at two points in time, mainly 

regarding their English, but she also discusses 

code-switching and Finnish abilities 

among the informants. 

Related to this classification is the one 

concerning the time aspect of comparison. 

Despite the fact that most studies 

have triditional dialectology as a 

theoretical starting point, few have acfually 

explicitly included the diachronic 

aspect. Most studies have aimed at a synchronic 

description. The borderline is apparently 

between traditional studies on 

the regional minorities (VaFi = Viirmland 

Finnish, KvenFi and ToFi = Tornedal Finnish) 

and the more recent migrant populatiors. 

The social and linguistic complexity 

of the latter make such comparisons 

a cumbersome task: both methodologically 

arrd practically the amount of 

potential source varieties is higtu and the 

compatibility is sometimes questionable 

befween different kinds of data. 

The r es ear cher' s p ersp ectia e 

The perspective of the researcher is crucial 

for the presentation of a minority 

language and partly for the choice of the 

descriptive means. I will briefly discuss 

its general importance below. 

In Norway, the autochthonic group of 

Finns has been treated as Finns abroad 

until the late 1980's. The growing interest 

in minority aspects among the Kvens 

themselves, and the inJlux of empathetic 

researchers has changed the perspective 

in a more minority-oriented direction. 

There are also Kvens who have started 

participating in basic research. The more 

recent immigrants have not been paid 

much linguistic attention thus far. The 

situation seems to be that both Kvens and 

recent immigrants still see the latter as 

representatives of Finland Finnish. Some 

preliminary observations on the language 

of the second generation have been 

made (e.g., Niiranen !993 ; P aav ola 199 4).

Studies of Finnish in North Arnerica and Scandinavia, ll 

The Swedish situation is more comland, it is natural to consider the Finnish 

plex. The ToFi situation has been faced studied as an exodus variety, a variety 

with most of the mentioned perspectives: spoken abroad. Several implications may 

Finns abroad, autochthonic and recently, be expected to follow from this. Firstly, 

ethnolinguistic minority. Changes have the reference is usually mainly standard 

been noticeable during the last decade. Finland Firurish (=FiFi). Secondly, a re- 

The descendants of the migrant commusult of the description may be that the 

nity have first faced neglect, then been exodus variety is found to deteriorate 

seen as Finns abroad and most recently, and regress from FiFi. Changes have not 

been understood as an ethnolinguistic been seen as development, but as retar- 

minority. The second and later generadation from an inferred evolutionary 

tions are now normally treated as repre- progression (however, recent studies of 

sentatives of a minority. Recer-rt immigrants 

have also been paid attention in 

e.g. Martiry Jonsson-Korhola and Virtaranta 

try to avoid this implication). 

language learning and learner language Thirdly, degree of involvement regard- 

studies. 

ing the future prospects of the variety 

As far as I know, the Firinish-speaking under study may be one of indifference. 

communities in North America have If the researcher has his/her back- 

been studied as Finns abroad, even reground among or shares some life excently. 

In other social sciences the view periences with the speakers of the lan- 

has changed to slowly categorize the guage in question, s/he may be expected 

Finns and their descendants in North to see it as a minority language with a 

America as an ethnic minority group. potential development towards its own 

However, so far linguistic studies have standards, a language in its own right. 

not taken this as a starting point. From 

one point of view this is logical - there 

This may also imply future prospectives 

and more of an involvement in the possi- 

are not very many speakers in the later bilities of maintenance for the variety in 

generations left to uphold ethnolinguistic question. Representatives from a third 

claims. Both Canada and the US have group of researchers, the non-Finnish 

faced a continuous, but small immigra- (general) linguist, may be expected to 

tion from Finland to the larger cities: Van- follow the "abroad" perspective (cf. 

couver and Toronto in Canada, New Aikio 1990; Lainio 1990 for discussions). 

York, Florida and the Pacific coast in the On the other hand, an in-group 

US. Normall/, itis implied thatthey con- minority researcher may start out to 

stitute temporary imrnigrants and not compare the minority variety from a 

part of a continuous American Finnish Iow-prestige and low-status angle. This 

migrant tradition. On the other hand, this is the result, e.g., when the minority 

view has been shared by thousands of variety or language is not studied from 

earlier migrants, not the least among its own perspective, as a developing 

Sweden Firrns. The Finnish of Fimish- language. Retarding features, differspeaking 

newcomers to North America ences compared to a Finland Finnish 

has notbeen studied in any larger studies norm/ error analyses and attrition, may 

thus far. 

be paid main attention. The language 

Reasons for discussing the perspective development is seen as not having the 

of a researcher are not trivial. If a re- potential to change in the future. Such 

searcher has his/her background in Fin- comparisorrs, though not intended to,

Siirtolaisuus - Migration V1995 

Table 2. Informant type: children, adolescents or adults 

Country 

Norway 

Autochthonic 

Assimilated 

Immigrants 

Sweden 

Autochthonic 

Assimilated 

Ethnic Min. 

Immigrants 

Canada 

Ethnic min./ 

(Immigrants) 

USA 

Ethnic min./ 

(Immigrants) 

Children 

X 

(x) 

,1, 

(x) 

Adolescent Adults Seniors 

t-l 

(i) 

X 

(x) 

(x) 

may thus result in a deficit view on the 

minority variety and its speakers. It has 

been shown by Huss (7997), that tremendous 

changes take place in the use 

and ability of the languages of a bilingual 

from the very first years of childhood. 

Attitudes in the bilinguals' 

closest environment but also researchers, 

may influence in which 

direction the development will go. 

lnformant types in studies 

The following classification (table 4) both 

reflects the dominance of the traditional 

Fennistic paradigm (dialectological, lexical, 

Standard Finnish (=StFi)) and its preferences 

regarding choice of informants, 

but also the fact that younger speakers are 

no longer easily available for study in all 

of the settings. The difficulty of distinguishing 

between "imperfect learning" 

(Thomason & Kaufman 1988), contact-induced 

transfer and attrition for shifting 

speakers also presents itself in many of 

X 

(x) 

X 

X 

X 

X 

(x) X 

X 

I 

X X(r) 

these cases. The problem of how to deal 

with different informant types, i.e. where 

on a language shift continuum an informant 

is situated, has not been settled and 

hardly discussed explicitly in these 

different settings. 

A country-wise generalization of 

studies ontpoken Finnish as a contact 

ranguage 

Using the tables given I will try to summarize 

briefly the situation of each of the 

four mentioned seftings/ countries. 

Norway 

The Norwegian situation for Finnish has 

recently shown a remarkable increase in 

studies dealing with Finnish in Norway, 

predominantly the Kven Finnish 

speakers. This can partly be explained by 

the factors mentioned in the Introduction, 

i.e. change of paradigm, ethnicrevitalization 

and the increasing number of ingroup 

representatives. 

X

a 

These have further had the effect that the minority setting are missing (how- 

the Norwegian Council of Research ever, cf. Lindgren 1993a). Since the start 

(NAVF 1992) launched a research pro- of many of the studies was late, several of 

gramme concentrating on the cultural them have not been finished, and new 

and sociolinguistic situation in Northern ones are continuously being started. 

Norway. It has resulted in the activities 

wished for. Several theses have been 

Sweden 

finished and several are on their way. In The most well-known of the Swedish set- 

addition, the Finnish Academy suptings is the ToFi situation, which has been 

ported both the fieldwork and publishing comparatively extensively studied, a 

of the studies, in parallel to the Nor- great deal thanks to older, pre-war diawegian 

funding. The epicentrum of this Iectological studies, but also thanks to the 

activity is the University of Tromso, debate initiated by Nils-Erik HansegArd 

though also the Distriktshogskole inKau- on the semilingualism of Tornedalians. 

tokeino and A-lta have initiated several ToFi cannot, however, be said to be satis- 

studies on the sociology of language. factorily or fully studied. Most levels of 

Speakers of Finnish in Northern Norway ToFi grammar would need basic descrip- 

have not been the objects of study from tions and case sfudies. Both diachronic 

only one perspective, but research is and synchronic studies dealing with con- 

fairly varied and adaptated to the situatact language aspects of ToFi are in protions.gress. 

Among the studies published, Lind- Viirmland Finnish, though now exgren's 

(1993a, 7993b) study on tfu ee Kven tinct, is facing a similar problem as was 

dialects' verb morphology and variatiory threatening str,rdies of American Finnish 

is not orrly of Feruristic interest. Her re- (=AmFi) for several decades: much data 

sults, among which the observed exten- was first collected, but little was anasive 

morphological variation should be Iyzed or published about it after the 

mentioned, are interesting for minority traditional dialectologists had made 

Ianguage contact descriptions at a their contributions (for AmFi, see 3.3). 

general level. The lack of impact from Even for ViiFi, however, new projects 

star-rdard Finnish and its prescriptive im- have been initiated and analyses of the 

plementation, is taken into account in her rich dialectological material are being 

attempt to evaluate differences between performed at the moment. For ViiFi, 

the dialect settings studied. 

more clearcut than for the other contexts, 

Among the fields that seem to be lacking 

here, which have been represented in 

there is no way to collect additional data 

- the speakers are irrevocably gone. For 

other settings, could be mentioned stu- the other varieties of Fimish these studies 

of phonology, code-switching, and dies still have a contrastive value. 

studies on recent immigrants'Finnish in Despite the fact that revitalization 

a wider perspective. Different styles and among Sweden Finns occurred earlier 

situation-bound language use have not than in the other countries, and the ques- 

been studied. Lirrguistic descriplions of tion of e.g. educational achievement and 

child and adolescents'language have not programmes were discussed early in 

been completed as yet (cf. Niiranen 1993, Swedery hardly no main linguistic con- 

however). As in ihe other setlings, contributions regarding Finnish in Sweden 

clusiors about the typologicai situationin were published prior to the mid-1980's

(e.g. Nesser 1985). Many studies considering 

Finnish-speakers' acquisition of 

Canada and USA 

Swedish as a second language, and two There is a practical and methodological 

decades of studies within psychological, complication in the research on Ameri- 

social and educational sciences have been can Finnish, namely that the linguistic 

accomplished. Sociopolitical, theoretical situations in Canada and USA are taken 

and attitudinal factors among researchers for granted to have shared developments. 

were initially of importance for a delay One could argue that results hitherto 

within linguistically oriented research on have not revealed any obvious differ- 

Sweden Finnish. Recently, several proences, but on the other hand this mightbe 

jects have been started on Sweden Fin- due to the fact that the linguistic material 

nish from various angles. 

regularly has included informants from 

Among the research fields that have both sides of the border. 

been lagging behind somewhat until re- It has been noted that the attitudinal 

cently are: 

- cross-generational studies including 

basis and the general linguistic settings 

differ in the two countries, but linguis- 

the early and later arrived immigrants, tic studies have deliberately over- 

as well as first vs. second and later looked this. However, Canadian Fin- 

generations of Sweden Finns (such pronish cannot be said to be identical to 

jects have been started already) 

- studies of stylistic and situational lan- 

USA Finnish (American Finnish), since 

the external characteristics of their language 

variation 

- extensive studies of L1 acquisition in 

guage contacts are different. To take 

two extreme examples, the Montr6al 

the minority setting. 

Finnish community, which is sur- 

Some other areas that are being planned rounded by Francophones and in the 

to be examined are: 

- studies involving generalizable de- 

background by the gross Anglophone 

society, as well as the by now mostly 

scriptions of the development of the old shifted small communities of Finnish- 

as well as the developing every-day speakers in the Maritimes with 

borrowed vocabulary 

- typologically oriented studies regard- 

Hiberno-English as their contact English, 

have not been studied, but would 

ing specifically Finnic features and hypothetically confuse the homo- 

their degree of retention. 

geneous picture of AmFi. (This would 

Some fields not studied to any note- hypothetically concern levels of lanworthy 

extent in the other settings have guage which differ between the Eng- 

been represented in Swedery e.g. regardlishes and English vs. French, e.9., ceri^g 

discourse and pragmatic/communicative 

competence among second 

tainly re garding pronunciation. ) 

The question is, whether this calls for 

generation adolescents (in both Finnish another term to be used for these specific 

and Swedish). During the next five years settings, or whether the Canadian case as 

main contributions to the study of such should be separately studied from 

Sweden Finnish and Ianguage contact the USA Finnish setting. Hypothetically, 

aspects of Sweden Finns'languages may the main settings given above differ from 

be expected. These cover bilingual and each other, despite the fact that American 

interlingual aspects of Finnish in contact and Canadian English are not considered 

with Swedish. 

to reveal main linguistic differences, 

II 

I 

i 

J

t 

especially in the major contact areas of the do arise, when such attempts have been 

Great Lakes (for a description of made lately (e.g. Kainulainen 1993). 

Canadian English, see Chambers L991). Situational variation has hardly been 

Some reports (Larmouth 1974; Jorsson- studied at all. The concentration of stu- 

Korhola 1989) do, however, mention that dies on lexicon has on the one hand re- 

the local English has occasionally caused sulted in a unique minority Finnish dic- 

some deviations from the general Amertionary of American Fimish (Virtaranta 

ican Finnish language use. It is possible 1992),but also in a lack of studies of the 

that this has influenced language contact other levels of grammar. One general 

at some grammatical level more than on consequence of tHs seems to have been 

others, but so far, this has not been that the concept of AmFi has come to 

studied. 

imply lexical deviations from FiFi, and, 

Another factor, which has not been that these abound in the speech of Amer- 

studied explicitly, is the urban vs. rural ican Finns both assumptions have been 

setting of language contact. It is problem- refuted by accurate data. The ways of 

atic for such a comparison, that language collecting data have restricted the possi- 

shift has proceeded further in the urban bilites to adapt more than a fairly tradi- 

areas, and that collecting data is more tional dialectological approach to the 

complicated, e.9., in New York than, say, study of spoken American Finnish. Some 

Hancock, Michigan, or Sudbury, Ontario. recent attempts are trying to complement 

American Finnish data, in the tradi- the picture (e.g. Hirvonen 7992, 7993; 

tional meaning, has been most exten- Hirvonen & Lauttamus 1994; Lauttamus 

sively collected and camot be matched 1991,1992). 

by any other available corpus from the Until the late 1980s comparatively 

other settings. This is thanks to the long Iittle was published about AmFi. The 

term work of Pertti Virtaranta and Stto- project of Virtaranta's has by now promen 

kielm nauhoiturkisfo (The Finnish duced four major contributions to the 

language recording archivals; see Jors- study of AmFi. After the publication of 

son-Korhola 7982; Yirtaranta 1993). Both these works, it unfortunately seems that 

the work of Martin (1989) and Jonsson- the study of transatlantic Finnish has 

Korhola (1989) (These reports have been come to an end. Since language shift is 

summarized in English in Martin, L990, progressing continuousiy inboth Canada 

and Jorsson-Korhola, 1990, which have and USA, new studies would be of great 

become the long-needed foundatiors for importance. Generally, the available data 

further sfudies of American Finnish, have allows further basic descriptions io be 

developed from the project of Vir- made. There would still be time to collect 

taranta's (cf. Virtaranta et al. 1993). new data, as well as a need to analyse 

The collection of spoken language available data from other types of 

material in the American setting, has speakers. 

been comparatively uniformly collected, Recently, some studies dealing with 

which is rrot only at an advantage. Tradi- code-switching have been initiated and 

tional dialect data collectiorr was the orig- results have been published both from 

inal starting point, which implies that the Canadian (Wheeler 1987; Poplack, 

younger speakers were not shown the Wheeler & Westwood 7987), and USA 

same interest as older, "good" speakers settings (Lauttamus 199I; Halmari 

of Firurish. Flowever, practical problems 1,993,1994; Halmari & Smith 1994). The 

13

Siirtolaisuus - Migration 3/i995 

work of Halmari represents qualita- to contribute to the picture, and more 

tively new directions in the study of directly so the project on Baltic lan- 

Finnish-speakers in America. She has guage contacts (cf. Dahl & Koptjev- 

concentrated on code-switching skaja-Tamm 7992). A project on the 

(mostly among children) and intercul- pragmatic aspects of language use in 

tural discourse from the point of view contact in the Baltic sea area has been 

of conversational analysis and govern- initiated by Raukko & Ostman (1994). 

ment theories. Her informants have ar- The treatment of migrant languages, 

rived fairly recently. 

such as Finnish in Sweden, is scarse in 

As in the other minority Finnish set- their approach thus far. 

tings, language contact studies involv- For practical reasons, no direct referirg 

the typological approach are ence has been made to source country 

missing concerning American Finnish. studies on the state of art for Finnish. 

Studies of child language development There are abundant relevant repre- 

of Finnish in the North-American setsentatives to be found among Fennists 

ting are generaily lacking (however, and general linguists in Finland also for 

Bowerman 7973; Halrl.ari 7993,L994; my purposes/ to complement the 

Halmari & Smith 7994).In addition to various fields above, but a discussion of 

the mentioned works on spoken AmFi, these sources has for practical reasons 

there are several important unpub- to be presented elsewhere. Changes of 

lished Finnish pro gradu-theses on FiFi can further be inJerred from the 

newspaper language (cf. Haakana et al. variationist, so-called "city-Finnish" 

1993 for a bibliography). 

studies (e.9. Paunonen, Mielikiiinen & 

lnternational, typ ological and comp nratiae 

perspectives 

Suojanen 1,976; Mielikiiinen 1980; Suojanen 

1985; Paunonen 7993a,1995) and 

studies relying on various dialect and 

There is a need to include macro-level archival corpora of Finnish. 

Ianguage contact studies, in order to Though macro-level studies are called 

achieve a general overview of the state of for to be included in definitiors of the 

affairs among the different minority Fin- typological state of minority Finnishes, 

nishes. Suffice it here to mention some the step from here to direct predictiors, 

typologically oriented and general lin- both nationally and areally, is daring (cf. 

guistic directions that may be valuable D6csy 7973:299 ff.). Societal changes may 

in such an undertaking. In the general easily disturb any prevalent equilibrium 

description of Comrie (1989) Finnish is and initiate future language change, shift 

often referred to as a representative of the and revitalization. 

Finno-Ugric / U r alic langua ges. 

Areal linguistic studies (e.9. D6csy 

Discussion 

7973; Bradean-Ebinger 1989) may also If we want to develop a sense of under- 

be of interest. Finnish is occasionally standing about what is going on in a 

used as an example of various linguistic wider perspective regarding Finnish, 

features in typological studies. Recent both n'rinority and majority Finnish, I 

works by DaN et aI. (1992) and other believe an overview of the kind given 

proceeding work by the European above is useful. Each study may add a 

Science Foundation typology pro- further piece of information to what is 

gramme (EUROTYP), may be expected happening to Finnish under the pressure 

14

l-._ 

Studies ol Finnish in North Arnerica and Scandinavia, ll 

of surrounding Indo-European (=IE) lanever, that the studies are methodologiguages/ 

also to FiFi. Each study may recally compatible. 

veal some of the characteristics that a As could be observed from the over- 

speeded-up development of language view, there is a heavy overweight for 

change may contain, which route itmight traditional (dialectological, Iexicological) 

take, and to what extent a language shift approaches in the studies. Only lately 

is approaching. Knowledge about the have other directions contributed to the 

present-day processes, in which minority study of spoken Finnish. One direction 

Finnish speakers participate, may have that could be of common interest and 

explanative power for the description of which is increasingly being adopted is a 

Finnish at large. But to understand what typologically influenced one, which can 

is going on within the minority Finnish be approached from various angles. 

varieties, the majority speech community Another is the growing amount of clari- 

must also be taken into account and be fications of different Finnish discourse 

studied in somewhat similar ways. modes. For Finnish outside of Finland, 

The studies reviewed also tell about they have hardly been adopted in the 

the position of minority Finnishes studies mentiorred. For comparisons 

within the Fennistic linguistic commu- within these frameworks the problem of 

nity. They partly reflect the directions of speech vs. language level representation 

Fennistic theories during the post-war is, however, likely to become a major 

era, and what the gaps of study are re- obstacle for reliable and valid conclugarding 

various aspects of Finnish in sions regarding the varieties studied. For 

contact with other, IE languages. To scholars of minority Finnishes, and 

some extent they reflect the evaluation rnaybe partly for FiFi, the challenge is not 

of the varieties and their speakers, both to loose sight of each other, from 

from a Finland Finnish and an internal methodological points of view. When 

minority point of view. In most respects, compared to Fin-land Finnish in adequate 

the gaps show that profound additions ways/ I believe that the minority Fin- 

to the study of Firurish outside Finland nishes under scrutiny in the by now con- 

are needed, despite important contribusiderable amount of reports, show that 

tions in some areas. 

they are both worth studying in their own 

Nowadays, in the era of EC/EU con- right, and that their linguistic characformity, 

there are single voices heard that teristics have a bearing for the study of 

Finnish is tfueatened as a language in its majority Finnish. 

own source area, Finland. Though this, From a linguistic point of view, there 

according to my view, is far-fetched and are no "pme" languages; this is a social 

hardly the case, the linguistic processes classification. Processes of change as a 

involved in the studies mentioned above consequence of lar-rguage contact are nat- 

may give further clues as to whether this ural to any language or variety, though 

really is a relevant scenario. The Fin- the direction and speed may differ. 

nishes studied outside of Finland are Minority languages have suffered more 

threatened, there should be no doubt from this misconception than majority 

aboutthis, and they are charrging. Studies Ianguages have. There is, nevertheless, 

of minority and majority varieties of Fin- probably a social-psychological critical 

nish may thus benefit mutually from Iimit for a linguistic borrowing process, 

comparisons. One requirement is, how- also for minority languages. In order for

such changes to be kept under control by 

the speech community, measures have to 

be taken to avoid an approaching shift to 

the majority language. The responsibility 

of developing and using minority Finnish 

according to the changing demands 

of the environment lies with the minority 

speakers themselves. Attitudes to minority 

languages depend largely on the prestige 

athibuted to them, within the group 

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berg B. (ed.) Language Learning and Learner Tema Kommunikation, University of Linkoping. 

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Martin, Maisa 1989. Amerikansuomen morfologiaa 

Jdnsson-Korhola, Hannele 1982. Amerikansuomen 

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ki. 

murros. Jyvdskyliin osatutkimus. Raportti 1. Jyviis- 

Jdnsson-Korhola, Hannele 190. American Finnish kyliin suomen kielen ja viestinniin laitoken jul- 

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t990,72-:77. 

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Wande, E. (ed.) 1990,2745. 

Lainio, Jarmo 1.991. Frin finsk landsbygd till melkontaktit 

ja identifioituminen kieleen "Suomi toisena 

kielenii" -projektiin osallistuvien lasten perlansvensk 

stadsbygd. ln: Berge, K.L. & Kotsinas, heissA. Avdeling for finsk, Finnmark Dist- 

U-B. (eds.) 1991, 108-44. 

riktshogskole. 

Lainio, Jarmo (forthc.) The use of Finnish and Swe- Nordlyd. Tromso University Working Papers on 

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dings from the International Conference Main- Paavola, Liisa 1994. Kaksikielistiimisen edellytykset 

tenance and Loss of Minority Languages, 1-4 sept. Pohjois-Norjassa eriiiin konkreettisen yrityksen 

1992 in Noordwijkerhout, tle Netherlands. In: Fa- valossa. In: Nordlyd 20,5U72. 

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Larmouth, Donald W. 1974. Differential Interferenoivaksi valtakieleksi. Helsinkiliiissuomen histoce 

in American Finnish Cases. Language 50:2, riasta ja nykl.rnuuntelusta. Helsingin kaupungin 

35G366. 

kouluviraston julkaisusarja ,4'1: 1993,/Flelsingin 

Lauttamus, Timo 1991. Borrowing, code-switching kaupungin tietokeskuksen tutkimuksia L993:5. 

and shift in language contact: Evidence from Fil- Helsinki. 

nish-Englishbilingualism. In: Ojanen, M. & Palan- Paunonen, Heikki 1993b. Suomen mieli - oikea kieder, 

M. (eds.) Language Contacts East and West, li. viriuiija t,81-88. 

32-5L. Studies in Language, N:o 22. University of 

Joensuu. 

Paunonen, Heikki 1995 [1982]. Suomen kieli Helsingissii. 

Helsingin yliopiston suomen kielen laitos, 

Lauttamus, Timo 1992. Lainaaminen ja koodinvaih- Helsinki. 

to: havaintoja amerikansuomalaisten kielestii. Vi- Paunonen, Heikki, Mielikiiinen, Aila & Suojanen, 

riueijn 1,3-16. 

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Lindgren, Anna-Riitta 1993a. Miten muodot muut- manuscript.) Helsinki: Department of Finnish, 

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syjoen ja Annij oen kveeniyhteisoissd. University of Paunonen, Heikki & Wande, Erling 1990. FrAn tor- 

Troms6: School of Language ard Literature. nedalsfinska till "medn kieli" (virt sprAk). (Unpu- 

Lindgren, Anna-Riitta 1993b. English Summary of blished report on the research project). Depart- 

Miten muodot muuttuvat. (How Forms Change.) ment of Finnish and General Linguistics, Univer-

sity of Tampere & Departme nt of Finnish, Stockholm 

university. 

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with reference to social and psychological background 

factors and with special reference to age. 

Annales Universitatis Turkuensis. Ser. B, Torn. 

188. Turku. 

Poplacl Shana; Wheeler, Susanne & Westwood, 

Anneli 1987. Distinguishing language contact phenomena; 

Evidence from Finnish-English bilingualism. 

In: Lilius, P. & Saari, M. (eds.),3!56. 

Raukko, Jarno & dstman, Jan-Ola 1994. Pragmaattinen 

niikirkulma Itiimeren kielialueeseen. Publications 

No. 24. Department of General Linguistics, 

University of Helsinki. 

Suojanen, Matti K. (ed.) 1985. Mitii Turussa puhutaan? 

Reports from the Department of Finnish 

and General Linguistics 23. Turku. 

Thomason, Sarah G. & Kaufman, Terrence 1988. 

Language Contact, Creolization, and G enetic Linguistics. 

Berkeley, Los Angeles, Odord: University 

of California Press. 

Viberg, Ake 1988. Tvisprakighet i skolan - E,n projektpresentation. 

In: Barns tvAsprikighet, Gunnarsson, 

B-L., Liberg, C. & Nesser, A. (eds.), 

155-97. Uppsala: ASIA. 

IB 

Siiriolaisuus Migralion 3/1995 

Virtaranta, Pertti 7992. A Dictionary of American 

Finnish. Turku: Siirtolaisuusinstituutti,/Institute of 

Migration. 

Virtaranta, Pertti 1993. Amerikansuomen tutkimuksesta. 

In: Virtaranta, P. et al. 1993,21-34. 

Virtaranta, Pertti; Jiinsson-Korhola, Hannele; Martin, 

Maisa & Kainulainen, Maija 1993. Amerikansuomi. 

Tietolipas 125. Helsinki: SKS. 

Wande, Erling (ed.) 1990. Att forska om sprikliga 

minoriteter. Stockhohn Studies in Language and 

Literature 6. Stockholm: Department of Finnish, 

Stockholm University. 

Wande, Erling (ed.) forthc. Finska varieteter utanfbr 

Finland. Stockholm Studies in Finnish Language 

and Literature 9. Stockholm: Department of Finnish, 

Stockholm University. 

Wheeler, Susanne 1987. Code-switching and borrowing 

in a Finnish-English bilingual situation. (M. 

A. thesis.) Dcpartment of Linguistics, University 

of Ottawa. 

Winsa, Birger 1991. Ostligt ellcr viistligt? Det iildsta 

ordfiirridel i giillivarefinskan och tornedalsfinskan. 

Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis. Studia 

Fennica Stockholrniensia 2. Stockholm: Almqvist 

& Wiksell. 

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kakkielisyys: tdiilii plandathaan sprookit. Virittaje, 

3_33.

Perspectives on Finnish 

Settfement in Canada 

(1,901,-1991) 

Oiva Saarinen 

lmmigration 

and ethnic diversity conlstitute 

important aspects of Canadian 

ment, however, was probably larger than 

the official statistics indicate. For ex- 

life (Wilson 1994,5).In fact, Canada has ample, Firrns were sometimes classified 

been described as being a truly inter- as either Swedes or Russian. As well, the 

national nation featuring a "cultural open nature of the border between the 

mosaic" tradition in contrast to that of the United States and Canada created a float- 

United States which has often been poring migratory labour force that made it 

trayed as a "melting pot" society. Canada difficult to determine an immigrant's real 

today contains over 100 distinct ethnic country of residence. 

and cultural communities. It is not sur- The second wave, which began in 

prising, therefore, that the Canadian 1927, gained strength rn 7924 and con- 

goverrunent has a longstandirrg tradition tinued until 1931. The momentum of the 

of providing a wealth of census data and 1920s could be partially attributed to the 

other forms of information to reflect this impact of immigration restrictions to the 

multicultural setting. This material pro- United States irrtroduced between 1921 

vides a useful framework for assessirrg and 1924. Some 37 000 Finns arrived in 

the special contribution made by Firrns to Canada during the period. Many sub- 

the fashioning of the Canadian ethnic sequently went to the United States or 

mosaic in the period from 7907 to 7991,. returned to Finland. 

The third peak took place between 

Immigration 

1950 and 1960 at which time almost 17 000 

Finns came to Canada. The gradual re- 

The pattern of Finnish immigration to duction in the Finnish migratory flow 

Canada is shown in Figure 1. While the after the 7960's was influenced by the 

majority of the Firrnish immigrants came introduction of the point system and the 

to Canada directly from Finland, some abolition of discrimination arising from 

arrived via the United States or other changes in Canadian imrnigration policy 

countries such as Sweden. Finrs came to in the 1960s and 1970s. The growing 

Canada in three major waves. 

popularity of Sweden as an alternative 

The firstwave, consisting of more than destination for the Firrrs was also impor- 

20 700 migrants, occurred between 1901 tant. Overall, the immigration records in- 

and World War I. This migratory move- dicate that more than 87 500 Fimish immigrants 

came to Canada between 1901- 

1991. This number constituted approxi- 

Oiaa Sanrinen, Associnte Professor, Lnurentinn 

Uniaersity, Sudbury, Ontnrio, Canadt 

mately 0.8% of the total immigration flow 

to Canada for the same period. 

10

Perspectives on Rnnish Settlement in Canada 

Figure 1. Finnish Immigration to Canada (1901-1991) 

Thousands 

8r- 

1901 1911 t92l l93l t94t 1951 1961 L97l 1981 l99l 

(Citizenship) and I ion Ciurada 

Figure 2. Finns in Canada by origin and Birthplace (1901-1997) 

Thousands 

100 

80 

60 

Single Origin 

Born in Finland 

0 

l90l 1911 l92l 1931 1941 1951 

Source: Statistics Canada, Censuses of Canada (1901-1991) 

Multiple Origin 

1961 1971 1981 1991

,, 

I 

i 'l 

t 'l 

il 

Siirtolaisuus 3/1995 

The character of Finnish immigration these earlier restrictions were removed. 

throughout the century has involved One effect of these changes was a reduc- 

other changes as well. For example, tion in the number of Finns responding 

whereas women constituted only 30% of in the more familiar "single" origin 

the total number of Finns in Canada at the category; another impact was the intro- 

turn of the century, by 7991 this figure duction of a new group of "multiple" 

had risen to more than 53%. A more con- origin respondents with only partial 

temporary trend related to the migratory 

flow of the 1980's pertains to the number 

Iinks to Finnish culture. 

The results of these changes were strik- 

of non-immigrani Finns with various ing. In the 1986 census/ 44.4% of all the 91 

forms of temporary status. In 1987, f.or 340 Finnish ethnic origin responses 

instance, it was estimated that there were (40565) were single; for the 1991 census, 

more than 900 Finns in Canada with shr- 39.6 per cent of the total 99 095 respondent/employment 

authorizations or visdents (39 230) gave similar responses. Of 

itor status. Thus, immigration statistics the latter total, however,60.4 per cent (59 

alone can no Ionger be used to determine 865) actually represented individuals 

the actual number of people of Finnish with only a partial rather than full attach- 

origin in Canada. 

ment to the Firrnisl-r ethnic culture. Studies 

undertaken by Statistics Canada in- 

Numbers and Birthplace 

dicate that the older Finnish immigrants 

tend to give single origin responses 

The number of people by Finnish single whereas the younger non-immigrants 

and multiple origins and birthplace in favour multiple origins. While it can be 

Canada from 190L to 1997 is illustrated in in-ferred that the high level of multiple 

Figure 2. It should be noted that while the responses serves as evidence of the dilu- 

published census data for Car-rada only tion of Finnish ethnicity, the counter ar- 

records Finrs from 190L, a selective review gument can also be made that it repre- 

of original census returns for 7871,7881 

and 1891 shows that Finrs were present in 

sents the ongoing maintenance of Finnish 

roots on the part of individuals with 

Canada as early as the 1870's. Fiom 2 502 varied cultural backgrounds. 

in 1901 the number of Finns first oeaked The proportion of the Finnish-Canadi- 

at43745 in 1931 before declining itignUy ans whose birthplace is shown as Finland 

in 1941. The numbers then increased is also illushated in Figure 2. Prior to 

agairy culminating in a record high num- World War I, 7l per cent of the Finnishber 

of 59 436 in 1961. Since then the num- Canadian population had their birthber 

of Finrs has dropped;by 7991 only 39 places in Finland; by the 1950s and 1960s, 

230 persons were recorded as having a however, this ratio had dropped to 

single form of Firurish ancestry. 

around 50 per cent. According to the 1991 

The historical interpretation of Census, 43 per cent of the 39 230 Finns 

ethnicity must be temper-ed somewhat showing a single originindicated Finland 

because of the varying definitions of 

what constitutes "ethnicity" in Canada. 

as their birthplace. 

Until the 1971 census only the respondent's 

paternal ancestry was reported 

Distribution 

and only one origin could be captured. The distribution of persons of Finnish 

Beginning in the 1981 census both of origin in Canada is shbwn in Table 1. The 

21

Persoectives on Finnish Settlement in Canada 

Table 1. Distribution of Finnish Settlement in Canada (1901-1991) 

Year 1901 1911 

Finnish population 

single origin 2502 1.5497 

multiple origin 

Ne*{oundland 

Prince Edward Island 

Nova Scotia 

New Brunswick 

Quebec 

Ontario 

Manitoba 

Saskatchewan 

Alberta 

British Columbia 

Yukon Territory 

Northwest Territory 

,: 

+J 

24 

21,6 

8 619 

1 080 

1 008 

1 588 

2 858 

67 

Source: Statistis Canada, Censures of Canada 1901-1991 

t92t 1931 7947 1951 1961 

r97 | 

1981 

1991 

21,494 43885 41683 43745 59436 59215 52315 39230 

59 865 

;i 

45 99 

35 135 

76 2973 

12835 27 B7 

506 1 013 

1937 2313 

2925 2318 

3 1r2 6 858 

21. 34 ^ 

-3136 

171,6 

96 159 254 

109 149 165 

2043 1600 2n7 

26827 29327 39906 

808 82r ],070 

1.940 1805 1891 

3452 2958 362 

6332 67W 10037 

55 50 72 

20 48 50 

45 70 15 

-1015 

235 zffi r20 

r45 95 100 

1 865 rr40 735 

38515 334c0 25470 

1 450 1 060 665 

't 725 1,280 1 045 

3 590 4r30 2365 

11 510 10 810 8 620 

95 30 55 

354035 

basic settlement pattern was established 

early in the century when Ontario, the 

In the early years of the century, Finnish-Canadians 

showed a preference 

Prairie Provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan for rural areas. ln 792I, foi example, 

and Manitoba) and British Columbia only one-third could be found in urban 

emerged as the most favoured destina- settlements. While urbanization rose to 

tiors. 

46 per cent by 1931, the majority of the 

Prior to World War I more than one- urban Finns (82 per cent) could still be 

half of all the Finnish settlers in Canada found in the smaller communities of 30 

could be found in Ontario; by 1991 this 000 or less. Regardless of where they 

proportion had increased to almost 65 Iived, the Finns exhibited a higher than 

per cent. While the Prairies served as average propensity towards segrega- 

the secondary destination until 1921, tion and a lower tendency to become 

this position was subsequently taken naturalized Canadian citizens (Statis- 

over by British Columbia. By 1991 one tics Canada 1.937,545,639 and 671). The 

out of very five Finnish-Canadians emergence of the Finns as a urbanized 

could be found in British Columbia. group by 795L, however, indicated that 

The Atlantic Provinces (New Brun- a break from the past isoiationist patswick, 

Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Istern had finally occurred. Since then, 

land and Newfoundland) and the there has been an increasing tendency 

Northern Territories (Yukon and for this ethnic group,like other Canadi- 

Northwest) were never successful in ans, to settle in the larger centres. By 

attracting many of the Finnish immi- 1991, some 25 355 Finns, or 65 per cent 

grants (see, for example, Roinila 7992). of total, could be found in one of 

In the Province of Quebec, only Mon- Canada's twenty-five metropolitan 

treal managed to attract any signficant centres of over 100000 population. Of 

number of Finns (Laine 1989 7-8). these centres, the most important were

I 

1i 

Siirtolaisuus - Migration 3/1995 

Figure 3. Finnish, Mother Tongue and Home Language" (1901-1991) 

Thousands 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

l0 

l9ll l92l 

ffiSB Hom. Language | | Mothcr Tongue f__l Totut Finnt 

Source: Statistics Canada, Cereuss of (hnada (1901-1991) 

+Mother tonsue for 1921 includes only those over 10 years old 

Toronto (with 6 000 single origin 

Firu"rs), Thunder Bay (5805), Vancouver 

(4455) and Sudbury (3340). 

Mother Tongue and Home Language 

The Canadian Census canbe used to interpret 

the Finnish-Canadian population according 

to its demolinguistic character. 

Among the types of language data provided 

are those related to the concepts of 

mother tongue and home language. 

Mother tongue refers to the first language 

Iearned at home and still understood by 

an individual at the time of the cersus. 

Mother tongue data was first collected in 

1927 for Finns over 10 years of age; thereafter, 

it covered the entire Finnish ethnic 

grouP. 

Home language, on the other hand, is 

defined as the language currently 

spoken, or most often spokery by an individual 

at home. Information dealing 

with horne language is available from 

1971.. 

A comparison of mother tongue and 

home language can be used to assess the 

23 

process of language maintenance and 

transfer. Language maintenance occurs 

when Finnish is used both as a mother 

tongue and home language whereas language 

transfer is said to have taken place 

when the language most often used at 

home differs from the mother tongue. 

As shown in Figure 3, the retention 

of Finnish as a mother tongue remained 

high until World War II; by 1961 the 

proportion of Finnish Canadians with 

some knowledge of the language had 

declined to around 75 per cent. According 

to the most recent L991 data, the 

comparable figure for Finns of single 

orgin is 77 per cent. The use of Finnish 

as a home language, however, reveals a 

different pattern. In 1977, only 31 per 

cent of Finnish-Canadians used the language 

regularly at home; by 1997, the 

proportion had dropped to approximately 

L8 per cent. This data indicates 

that significant language transfer had 

already occurred by 7971 and that the 

trend away from the day-today use of 

the Finnish language continued unabated 

throughout the 1970s and 1980s.

Persoectives on Finnish Settlement in Canada 

Table 2. Religious Affiliation of Finnish-Canadians (1931-1981.) 

Year 

Total 

Alliliation (%) 

Lutheran 

United 

Roman Catholic 

Pentecostal 

Anglican 

Presbyterian 

Other/ 

No Preference 

1931 

43 885 

87;7 

3.9 

LJ 

0.0 

1.5 

)1 

3.4 

1941 

41 683 

85.5 

5.6 

2.0 

0.4 

2.2 

2.0 

2.1 

Sour@: Statisti6 Canada, Censuses of Canada 1931-1981. 

Table 3. Finnish Ethnic Origins 

re3r (%) 

Age Male Female 

1< 

15-24 

1< AA 

45-44 

65+ 

Total 

10.1 9.9 

9.9 70.4 

28.0 16.8 

8.8 4.7 

0.8 0.5 

57.6 42.3 

Source: Statistics Canada, Censuses of Canada 1931 and 1991 

1951 1961 L97t 1981 

43745 59 436 59215 5231,5 

75.8 70.2 

10.3 r2.8 

3.7 4.9 

- t--l 

3.8 4.4 

2.5 1.8 

3.9 4.5 

By Selected Age Groups 

60.3 59.4 

12.6 10.9 

5.9 4.8 

2.2 4.2 

4.3 3.3 

2.1 1.6 

r2.4 L5.7 

Male 

1991. (Vo Single Origin) 

Female 

3.4 

J.J 

4.4 4.4 

74.9 15.3 

15.6 r7.6 

8.5 12.6 

46.8 53.2 

Religion 

Canadians indicating no religious affiliation 

grew from 3.4 per cent in 1931 to more 

Published inJormation for the religious affiliations 

of the Finnish-Canadian popula- 

than 15 per centby 1981. 

tion is available only for the 1931-1981 

censuses. As Table 2 reveals, the majority 

Age Groupings 

of Firurs have traditionally been strong Census data allows for the temporal analy- 

proponents of the Lutheran faith. This sis of the Finnish-Canadian population by 

support has ranged from a high of 88 per genderbased age groupings. Table 3 pro- 

cent in 193L to a low of 59 per cent by 1981.. vides a revealing comparisonof this ethnic 

The United Church has continually been characteristic for the two census years 1931 

the second affiliation of choice, with sup- and 1991. The age group comparison 

port for it growing from 4 to 11. per cent in serves to affirm the male to female transi- 

tl're same interval. While of lesser irnportion of the Firu-rish ethnic groupirrg distance, 

some adherence has been given to cussed above. As well, it can be taken to 

the Roman Catholic, Pentecostal and An- illustrate the maturation of the Firurs from 

glican faiths. Aninteresting trend hasbeen a youthful grouping in 1931 to one that 

the growing importance of the Pentecostal had aged considerably by 1997. 

Church during the 1960s and 1970s. A In 1931, 20 per cent of all Finnishgrowing 

secularization trend can be dis- Canadians were 15 years of age or less; 

cerned as the proportion of Finnish- 

however, by 7997, the comparable figure

- 

was less than 7 per cent. In 1937, on the 

other hand, only 1.3 per cent were 65 

years of age or over; this proportion 

stands in strong conbast to the figure of 

more than 2l per cent indicated for 1991. 

Summary 

A number of general observations can be gleaned 

from the above statistical presentation. First, the 

driving force behind the emergence of a Finnish 

ethnic group in Canada came in the form of three 

major waves of migration associated with the pre- 

Wodd War I period, the 1920s and 1950s. 

Second, these migratory waves over time have 

featured a gradual gender reorientation frorn male 

to female dominance. Third. Finnish settlement in 

Canada began early in the 1870s, peaked in the 

1961-1971 period, and has since declined substantially. 

Fourth, the majority of Canadians associated 

with the Finnish ethnic group since 1986 

have reported mixed rather than single origins. 

Fifth, since less than one^half of the single origin 

Finnish-Canadians now report birthplaces other 

than Finland, the cultural group has come to reflect 

a non-immigrant orientation. Sixth, the distribulion 

of the Finns in Canada has remained relatively 

constant, showing a predisposition for settlement 

in Ontario. British Columbia and the Prakie Provinces; 

within this provincial framework, there has 

been some urban concentration associated with 

theToronto, Thunder Bay, Vancouver, and Sudbury 

metropolitan areas. Seventh, a significant process 

of language transfer, already under way by 

1971, has continued to the present day. Eighth, 

while the Finnish ethnic group in Canada has continued 

to favour the Lutheran relioion. some alle- 

Literature 

Canadian Heritage, Policy Coordination and Strategic 

Planning: Citizenship and Canadian ldentity: 

Ethnic Origins in Canada 198617991: A Graphic 

Overview (Ottaw4 January 194) 

Laine, Edward W. : Archival Sources for the Study of 

Finnish Canadians, (Ottawa, National Archives of 

Canada, Ethnocultural Series, 1989) 

Lindstrom-Best, Varpu, The Finns in Canada (Ottawa, 

Canadian Historical Association, 1985) 

25 

The high proportion of seniors suggests 

that there will be a significant drop 

shown in the 1996 Census for the Finnish 

single origin and mother tongue/home 

Ianguage responses. 

giance can also be found with respect to the United, 

Roman Catholic, Pentecostal and Anglican 

churches; a growing secularization trend can likewise 

be ascertained. 

Finally, the immigrant Finnish group has now 

come to feature a high degree of aging. At first 

glance, the above analysis presents a bleak prospect 

for the future survival of the Finns as a distinctive 

ethnic group in Canada. Indeed, as Lindstrom- 

Best concludes elsewhere, the Finnish population 

in Canada has now essentially become an indistinguishable 

part of Canadian society (Lindstrom- 

Best, 1985, 1 B). On a more positive note, however, 

it warrants mention that, in addition to the 39 230 

single orgin Finns recorded in the '1991 

Census, 

approximately 40 per cent of the other 59 865 

Canadians who affirmed multiple links to Finnish 

culture were 15 years of age or less. 

According to one recent government publication, 

this data can be used to support the contention 

that the Finns in Canada "may in fact be 

becoming more aware of their origins than ever 

before" (Canadian Heritage 1994, 3). This conclusion 

is pertinent from a policy framework as it 

suggests that there remains fertile ground both for 

the ongoing promotion of the Finnish heritage in 

Canada and for the continued fosterinq of ethnic 

linkages with Finland. 

Roinila, Mika: "The Finns of Atlantic Canada," Terra, 

104:1 (1992, 35-44). 

Statistics Canada: Censuses of Canada 1901-1991 

(Ottawa): Census of Canada 1931, Vol. XIII, Monograpk 

(Ottawa) 

Wilson, J. Donald: "Multiculturalism and Immigration 

Policy in Canada: the Last Twenty-Five Years," 

Siirtolaisuus-Migration, (I99a:.2)

S iirtolaisuusinstituutti j iirj estiiii 

5. MUUTTOLIIKESYMPOSIUMIN 

Suomi Euroopassa: 

maassamuuton uudet ulottuvuudet 

't 5.\1.-17.1.1..1995 

Rantasipi Ikituuri, Turku 

Suomi eliiii parhaillaan historiallisesti merkittiiv;iii murroskautta. Suomen 

tydttomyys oh huippukorkeaa, toisaalta moniin tyopaikkoihin on vaikea saada 

tyontekijoit2i. Tyopaikat julkisella sektorilla vdhenevdt, yritykset muuttavat 

t6imintastrategioitaan. Kaikella tiillii on vaikutusta tyovoiinan tarpeeseen. 

Samanaikaisesti kansainviiliset muutokset ohiaavat entistii enemmdn ihmisterr 

muuttamista. Muuttopiiiitoksi;i tehd2i;inuudessa, epdvarmassa tilanteessa. Nyt 

kiiynnissii oleva muuttoliike on kuitenkin rauhallisempaa kuin esirir. 

1960-luvun vdestoryntiiykset Ruotsiin ja Etelii-Suomen keskuksiin. 

Siirtolaisuusinstituutin vuonna 7990 jZirjestiimZin 4:nnen 

muuttoliikesymposiumin aiheena oli "maassamuutto ia vhdentvvii 

Eurooppa". Sitt'oin etsittiin vastauksia mm. kysymyksedn riruuttuirko 

tyovoimamme liikkuvuus ja rakerure Euroopan yhdentyessii. Tiimiin vuoden 

rnuuttoliikesymposiumissa tarkastellaan nykytilannetta, hahmotellaan tulevaa 

kehitystii 1a etsit'aan bimintamalleja tulevdisuutta varten. 

Ilmoittautumiset 

Muuttoliikesympos iumiin 

mahdollisimrnan pian: 

S iirtolaisuusinstituutti 

Piispankatu 3, 20500 Turku 

Tel. (921)-2317 s36 

Fax (92D-2333 460 

Tervetuloa! 

]

-,-_. 

ALUSTAVA OHJELMA 

ZI 

TIEDOTUKSIA . NOTICES 

Keskiviikko 15.11. 

11.00 Ilmoittautuminen alkaa 

72.30 Symposiuminavaus 

12.45 Valtiovallan tervehdys 

13.00 The Role of the Migrants and the "Migrants Forum" in the New Europe 

Tara Mukheriee, Pre-sident of the "Migr-ants Forum", Bryssel 

13.30 EU ja maahanmuuttopolitiikka 

Erityi sa vus taia Mat t i B tickman, Suomen ed ustusto, Bryssel 

14.00 Keskustelu 

14.75 Kahvi 

1,4.30Suomen 

alueellinen tulevaisuus yhdentyviissd Euroopassa 

neuvotteleva virkamies P aaao P ii t t imakii sisdasi ainmii'ris terici 

15.00EU-muutto 

ia Suomi 

johtava tycivoimane uv oja Christin a Tuominen, tyciministerio 

15.30 Aivovuoto Suomesta ia aivotuonti Suomeen 

apulaisprofe ssori Oll{ Kultslaht i, Tampereen yliopisto 


16.15 Kahvi; tyoryhm;ityoskentely alkaa 

77.30 Piiiviillinen 

20.00 Vastaanotto Eurooppa-instituutissa 

Torstai'1"6.1T. 

08.30 Suomessa vuoden 1990 jzilkeen tapahtuneet muuttoliikeilmiot ja 

tutkimustilanne 

johtaja OIna i Ko iattknn gas, Siirtolaisuusinsti tuu tti 

09.00 Talous ja rahapolitiikka muuttoliikkeen taustatekijoinii 

johtaja Matti Vanhnla, Suomen Pankki 

09.30 Alueellisen kehityksen uusi dynamiikka ja integraatio 

dosentti, erikoistutkiia EIli Heikkila, Oulun yliopisto 


i0.30 Kahvi 

11.00 Perheet 1992-2022 siirtolaisuusvaihtoehtojen val ossa 

tutkijat Andres Viknt ja larl Lindgren, V2iestcjliitto 

11.30 Kotitalouksien tulot ja muuttoliike 

tutkijat Tor Eriksson &. Markus liintti, Arhus Universitet, Abo Akademi 

12.00 

Asumisen ja tyon muuttuvat kytkennlit 

tutkimusjohtaja Hilkkn Lehtonen, Yhdyskuntasuunnittelun tiiydennyskoulutuskeskus 

12.30 Lounas 

13.30 Tyoryhmiityoskentely jatkuu 

15.00 Kahvi 


18.30 Piiivtillinen 

20.00 Vastaanotto Siirtolaisuusinstituutissa


Perjantai 17.11. 

08.30 Maassamuutto lamanjiilkeen tilastokeskuksen ennusteen pohjalta 

kehi ttiimispe alli kko Mnur i N i emin en, Tilastokeskus 

09.00 Sprik och miqration 

dbcent, f orskiingschef F j nl nr F inn iis, Insti tutet f or finland ssvensk 

samhiillsforskning 

09.30 Maaseutupolitiikan keinot muuttoliikkeen ohjaamisessa 

neuvo tteleva virkami es E ero l.l.usit alo, si sdasiainministerio 

10.00 Kahvi 

10.30 Maaseutu ia muuttoliike 

tutkij a I ukka Oksa, Pohj ois-Karj alan tutkimuslaitos 

11.00 Keskustelua 


1-2.30 Lounas 

13.30 Tyoryhmiiraporttien esittely, d 10 minuuttia 

14.30 Yhteenveto ja p2iiitossanat 

Tytiryhmit: 

1 Yritystoiminnan tyovoimantarve ja maassamuutto 

Tyoryhm2ialustaja 

2. Muuttuvan julkisen sektorin palvelujen tyovoimantarve ja maassamuutto 

r '. { 

r yoryrunaarusrala 

3. Passiivise.sta tyottomyyspolitiikasta aktivoivaan tycivoimapolitiikkaan 

I yoryrunaalustaJa 

4. Autioituuko maaseutu iiilleen? 

TyoryhmAalustaja 

5. Maassamuuton ja maastamuuton uudet rajat 

r yoryrunaalusta]a 

6. Maahanmuutto ja pakolaisuus 

Tyoryhmiialustaja 

7. Migration Migration och social social trygghet trygghet inom EU 

Tyoryhm2ialustaja 

Tyoryhm;ialustaja professori professori Toini Christians(n, 

Chri Vaasan yliopi roplsto 

8. Tilastollisten aineistoien k;iyttd muuttoliiketutkimuksessa 

Christinn Starck &&. Pekka Murskulii. My r sky I ii, Tilastokeskus 

Til asto ke skus 

28

A 

First Announcement 

I Call for Papers 

Finnforum V: Towards the New Millennium 

Prospects and Challenges 

Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada 

Mav 22-26,1996 


Conference themes 

o The northern experience: comparative aspects of Finnish settlement 

in the Great Lakes Area 

o Strategies for ethno/cultural development and maintenance 

o Language and Finnishness: language as an ethnic variable 

o State of the arl historiographical perspectives 

Evening workshops: 

o Finnish-American & Finnish-Canadian literature and art 

o Genealogical issues 

Banquet/Receptions 

Overall Conference Coordinator: 

Oiva Saarinen, Ph.D., Dept of Geography 

Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada PCE2C6 

Phone 705-675-7751, Ext. 3356, Fax 705-6754893 

E-mail OSAARINEN@ADMIN.LALIRENTIAN.CA 

Proceedings Coordinator: 

Varpu Lindstrcim, Ph.D., Master, Atkinson College 

York University,4700 Keeie Street, North York, Ontario, Canada M3J1P3 

Phone 41.6-736-5727 , Fax 416-730-0169 

E-mail VARPUL@VM2.YORKU. CA 

Publications Coordinator: 

Borje Viihiimeki, Ph.D., Finnish Studies Programme, University of Toronto 

2L Sussex Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S1A1 

Phone 416-7 30 -8350, F ax 41,6-730-01 69 

Finnish Relations Coordinator: 

Olavi Koivukangas, Ph.D., Director, Institute of Migration 

Piispankatu 3, FIN-20500 Turku, Finland 

Phone (9)21,-23 77 536,Fax (9)21,-23 33 460 

Those who wish to give a paper are asked to submit an abstract (1 page) of 

their proposed paper (graduate students are also encouraged to present 

papers), as soon as possible to Varpu Lindstrom, Proceedings Coordinator. 

29


sth NACS/ANEC International Canadian Studies Conference 

Canada And The Nordic Countries 

In Times Of Reorientation 

August 15-18, 1996, University of Aarhus, Denmark 

The Nordic Association For Canadian Studies/ 

L'association Nordioue D'etudes Canadierrres 

Call For Papers 

We welcome Dapers (in Enslish or French) in the areas of Canadian and 

Qu6b6cois litdrature, histor!, political sciehce, economy, anthropology, 

geography and education or discussing areas where Canada arrd the Nordic 

countries face similar challenges, for example 

* Preservation of our national identity in the Iight of the NAFTA and the EU 

* Can we uphold our present immigration policies and still save the welfare 

state? 

* Policies for sparsely populated areas and our attitude towards the native 

population 

Please submit before 1 DEC L995 to the organizing committee a letter 

containing the title of your paper/ a summary (max 1 page) and a short C. V 

Jorn Carlsen, Department of English, University of Aarhus 

DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. 

Tel.: +45 89422125, Fax.: +45 8619'1.699 

Nordic Symposium on Intercultural 

- Communication 

Nov 23-25,1.995 The Department of Communication of the 

University of Jyvliskyli, Finland 

* research and higher education in the area of intercultural communicatiorr 

* to establish new contacts between scholars of the Nordic and Baltic countries 

* to encourage the academicians of the Baltic countries to doctoral and other 

academic pro grammes irr intercuitural communication 

* to encourage cooperation between researchers, trainers, scholars, etc. in the 

areas of intercultural communication, immi gration and administration. 

Researchers, scholars and civil servants with intemational areas of 

responsibility are irrvited to give presentations of papers or to take part in 

round-table discussior-rs and workshops. 

Please, send the application to: 

Markku Honkala, Dept. of Communication, University of Jyviiskylii 

P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351Jyviskylii 

E-mail:mataho@jyu.fi 

L- 

30

a 

Finnskog-seminaarin 

alustava ohjelma 

Rautalammilla 10.-1.1,.11'7995 pidettiiviin seminaarin tarkoituksena on tehdii 

tunnetuksi Ruotsin ja Norjan metsdsuomalaisuutta, Finnskogin alueella tehtyii 

tutkimusty6tii ja perinteen tallennusta sekli selvittiiii syitii, jotka johtivat Suur- 

Rautalammin alueen suomalaisten muuttoon. 

Pohjoismaiden Neuvoston syyskokous pidet?iiin samaan aikaan Kuopiossa, ja 

Finnskog-seminaari ol1 osa kokouksen oheisohjelmaa. Suomalaiset, ruotsalaiset 

ja norjalaiset asiantuntijat valmistelevat teemoja. Molempina piiivind on 

ohjelmassa lyhyehkoja alustuksia sekii keskustelua seuraavista aiheista: 

Muuttoliike - liihtoalueet, sijoittuminen 

Rakennusp erinne - savolainen j a metsdsuomalainen 

rakennusperinne 

Kaskivilj ely - kaskeamisen merkitys, vaikutus ympliris toon 

seka tekniikka 

Me ts iisuomalais ten henkinen p erinne - metsdsuomalaisuus 

taiteessa ja taikuudessa 

Metsdsuomalaisuus t2indiin ja huomenna 

Norjassa ja Ruotsissa 

Seminaari pidet2iZin Rautalammin p2iiikirjastossa. Viikonlopun aikana on runsaasti 

teemoihin liittyviiii oheisohjelmaa: ndyttelyj2i, musiikkia suomalaismetsistd., 

rautalampilaissyntyisen kitarataiteilija Timo Korhosen konsertteja, 1800luvun 

alun rautalampilairren pitoateria, kartanoiden esittelyii, elokuvaesityksi2i 

jne. 

Finnskog-seminaari on maksuton ja tarkoitettu historian ja kulttuurialan opiskelijoille, 

tutkijoille, opettajille, sukututkijoille, pohjoismaisesta yhteistyost2i 

kiinnostuneiile ym. Yliopistojen opiskelijoille seminaari korvaa sovitun mddrdn 

opintoviikkoja. 

Jiirjestelyihin osallistuvat Peuran museosddti6, Rautalammin kunta, Rautalammin 

Historiallinen Yhdistys, Siirtolaisuusinstituutti, Museovirasto, ]yviiskyl2in 

yliopisto, Pohjola-Nordenin Kuopion lii?inin piiri ry. sekii yhteistycikumppanit 

Ruotsissa ja Norjassa 

Yhteyshenkilii: Seija Vuorimaa 

Rautalammin kunta, 777 00 Rautalampi 

puh. 979-68 90 183 

31

Kaarle Hjalmar Lehtisen rahaston apurahat 

1995 

Halaaaara, Sai 

Hiinnikiiinen, O ut i Kris - 

tiina 

I uusola-Hal on en, Elin a 

Ket tun en-H uj an en, Eij a 

Kinnunen, Eija-Riitta 

Klemi, Matti 

Iaitil a- V in c sn t, T imothy 

Olin, Knrl-Olof 

Roinila, Mikn 

Saaolainen, 

Jukkn 

Wallin, Carl-lohan 

Alahiirmiistii Amerikkaan ja Kanadaan 

vuosina 1,896-1,902 

New Finland - vli 100 vuotta suomalaisuutta 

Kanadassa 

4 000 mk 

4 000 mk 

Vertaileva tutkimus Australian suomalaisten 

naisten sopeutumisesta ia suomalaisen. 

kulttuurin j a identiteetin siiilyttiimrsesta 

3 000 mk 

Itiisuomalaiset Kanadas sa 7920- ja 1930luvuilla 

5 000 mk 

Suomi-Aiti ja Saksa-Iszi 

3 000 mk 

Ryhmiimuodostus kausisiirtolaisten 

yhteisossii 

3 000 mk 

Suomalaisterr siirtolaisten paikannus 

ja tunnistaminen Amerikassa mikrofilmeill;i 

olevista asevelvollisuusrekisterist;i 

vuosilta 1917-1918, jossa nimiii 

yli 18 000 

4 000 mk 

VArt Alaska -tutkimukseen 

3 000 mk 

The Migration, Settlement and Ethnic 

Relations of Fin-land-Swedes in Canada 3 000 mk 

Suomalainen siirtolaisuus VeniiiZin 

Kauko-Idiissii 

5 000 mk 

Suomalaisten henkiloiden etsintiiii 

ruotsinamerikkalaisten kirkonarkiston 

mikrofilmeiltii 

3 000 mk 

Yhteens;i 40 000 mk 

Lis;iksi eritvisapuraha: 

JuhaNieme[i) - 

100 vuotta amerikansuomalaista 

siirtolaismusiikkia 

24 000 mk 

(Apurahalla on tarkoitus paitsi tukea Niemeliin tutkimusta, maksaa mycis korvausta hiinen 

siirtolaisuusinstituutin kokoelmiin keriiiimdstd?in 

huomattavasta aineistosta.) 

32

L 

Henh,iltistiiuutisia 


Siiriolaisuusinstituutin tutkimussihleeri Krister Bi drklund on virkavapaalla 

ajalla 1.8.1995-3L.7 .1997 . 

Vt tutkimussihteerind toimii psyk. lis. (vait.) Kaleai Korpela, joka on 

aikaisemmin toiminut yliassistenttina Tampereen yliopiston psykologian 

laitoksessa. 

Tutkimussihteerin tehtavana on valmistella ja koordinoida Siirtolaisuusinstituutin 

tutkimustoimintaa. 

Tutkija Minna Domander on aloittanut 1.8.1995 Turun yliopiston tiiydennvskoulutuskeskuksen 

kehittiimisp iiiillikkonii. 

Domanderin tilalle proiektitutkijaksi on valittu arkkitehti Knisa Kilpeliiinen, 

joka on valniistirnut Oulirn yliopiston yhdyskuntasuunniftelun 

linjalta ja jatkanut opintojaan Trondheimissa. 

Kilpeliiisen projektina on muuttoliiketutkijoiden verkoston(NorIMnn; 

kehitiaminen Pohjoismaissa, minkd rahoittaa Pohjoismaiden 

Ministerineuvosto. 

Mirj a Bolgd.r uuoden ulkosuomalaiseksi 

Suomi Seura on vuodesta 1993 valinnut vuoden ulkosuomalaiseksi 

henkilon, joka on "menestynyt erityisen hyvin omalla alallaan, vaalinut 

suomalaista kulttuurivajhtoa,'kauppia tai muuta yhteistyotZi". 

Tdnd vuonna Suomi Seura on ptiiittiinvt kutsua vuoden ulkosuomalaiseksi 

Mirja Bolg6rin, joka bn vtro'sikymmenien ajan kiiiintiinyt 

ranskalaista kiriallisuutta suomeksi ia suomalaista ranskaksi. Hiin on 

myos toiminut pitkaan Yleisradion Ranskan-kirjeenvaihtajana ja arvostelijana 

sekii osallistunut jiirjestotoimintaan. 

Suomi Seuran puheenjohta Kalevi Sorsa on luovuttanut Mirja Bo196rille 

kunniakirian 25.8.1995.

MATKAT 

Finnfest - 

kiinnostusta 

juuria kohtaan 

'$t 

ililnrmu 

rtinnfest USA vietettiin tiinii vuonna noin puolet loysi tietoja juuri siitii henki- 

.FPortlandissa, Oregonissa. Ldnsiranlostii, jota he hakivat. Tiimii johtunee siitd, 

nikon suomalaisperinne on hieman ettd rekisteri ei ole vielii tliydellinen. Toi- 

erilainen kuin muun USA:n. Suuri osa nen syy ory ettii osa siirtolaisista liihti 

suomalaisista ensimmdisen polven siir- aikanaan muiden pohjoismaiden kautta, 

tolaisista siellii hankki elantonsa kalast- ja niimii eiviit ole meidiin siirtolaisrekisamalla 

Columbia Riverissd, jota Firurterissdmme.festin logokin kuvaa. 

Asiakkaita olisi ollut enemmdnkin, 

Ilmojen haltijat olivat Finnfestille suo- mutta kaikki eiviit ehtineet odottaa vuosiollisia, 

aurinko paistoi koko ajantiiydelroaan. Siirtolaisrekisteri saanee suuren 

tii terZiltii ja Lewis & Clarc College kaunii- miiiiriin tiedusteluja kirjeitse, koska sinne 

ne campuksineen oli hyv?i valinta jutrla- viemiini tiedustelulomakkeet meniviit 

paikaksi. Kiivijoit;i oli jopa jiirjestiijien ar- kuin kuumille kiville. Kiiynti osoitti selvioita 

runsaammin, ja kaikki sujui enemv?isti siirtol aisrekisterin tarpeellisuudery 

miin kuin hyvin. Itse en ehtinyt ottamaan kysyntiiii on vaikka kuinka paljon. Oli 

osaa juuri muuhun kuin avajaisiin ja eritt;iin mielenkiintoista esitellii rekiste- 

piiiittiijiiisiirg koska p2iiitehtiiviini oli esirid; monasti riemu oli suuri, kun etsitty 

tellii siirtolaisrekisteri2i ensimmdisen ker- henkilo loy tyi, jakyyneliltiikiiiin ei viiltytran 

Finnfestissii. Jo torstaina, kun asensin ty kun amerikansuomalaisten kohtaloita 

ohjelmaa koneeseen, ilmaantuivat ensim- selviteltiin. 

miiiset juurtenetsijZit. 

Siirtolaisuusinstituutti pyrkii tuo- 

Perjantai oli virallisesti ersimmdinen maan vuoden 1996 Finnfestiin, Marquet- 

esittelyp2iivii, ja kun tt-rlin aamulla aloitteen, jo hieman tiiydellisemmdn rekistetamaan 

esittelyn, toimiston ulkopuolella rin useamman kuin yhden palvelupis- 

oli jo pitkii jono, tdmd toistui koko viikonteen muodossa. Nyt tehty ersiesittely 

lopun. Tiedusteluja riitti kaikkina kolme- saattaa aiheuttaa todellisen kyselytulvan, 

na piiiviina aamusta iitaan, jorroa oli koko koska saatiin niiyttci siitei, ettii rekisteristei 

ajan. Siirtolaisrekisterin tiedot koostuvat loytyy usein kaivattuja tietoja. 

Suomen Hoyrylaivaosakeyhtion matkus- Haluan Iausua parhaimmat kiitokseni 

tajaluetteloista, passiluetteloista, sek2i ul- Finnfestin jiirjestZijille, erityisesti Merle 

komailla kuolleiden luettelosta. Tiedus- Reinikalle, jonka vieraanvaraisurrs teki 

teluja oli noin sata, ja niiistii melkein kaik- matkastani ikimuistettavan. Minulla oli 

ki loysiviit jonkun esivanhemman tai monta oikein hauskaa hetkeii amerikan- 

muun sukulaisen; ei kuitenkaan vZilttiisuomalaisten parissa. 

mdttd sen, iota olivat etsimiissii. Ehkii 

Krister B jdrklund 

JC

.a 

Tervetullut aiesti sodan ajalta 

Olin sotal.ap si. Toimittanut M agd.olna Koudcs. 

Siirtolaisuusinstituutti, TUrku 199 5, 

273 s. 

"Olin sotalapsi" -kirja ilmestyy vuosikymmeniii 

sen jiilkeen, kun sotalapset 

kokivat kohtalonsa. On syytd iloita heid?in 

viestistiiiin aikalaisilleen ja jalkipolville. 

Kirja ftiydentiiii sota-ajan kokeneen 

sukupolven kirjallista tuotantoa. 

Se tiiydentiiei mielestzini mycis rintamalla 

olleiden naisten muisteloita ja 

sotavankikokemuksesta kirjoittaneiden 

viestejzi. 

Kirjaa lukiessani tunnistin monet 

kokemukset ja tunnot omikseni, mutta 

sen kansien viiliin mahtui uuttakin tietoa. 

En esimerkiksi ole osannut rinnastaa 

suomalaisten ja vastaavia siirtoja 

kokeneiden ruotsalaisten, sveitsildisten, 

it'd.valtalaisten, saksalaisten, espanjalaisten, 

kreikkalaisten, englantilaisten 

tai vietnamilaisten lasten kokemuksia. 

Viime vuosina sotien jalkoihin 

ja pakolaisiksi joutuneiden lasten kohtalotoveruus 

on kyllzi tullut mieleeni, 

kuten monille tahiin kirjaan kirjoittaneillekin. 

Tiesin kyllzi, ettii meitii oli paljon, 

mutta en tiennyt, ettd suomalaislasten 

siirto Ruotsiin, Tanskaan ja Norjaan 

oli suurin trihrin menness6 maailmassa 

tehdyistA. Kirjaa lukiessani 

mieleen nousi entistii voimakkaampana 

sekin, ettii noihin vuosiin ajoittuivat 

aikanaan myds laajat vdestcjnsiirrot, 

jiilleenrakennus ja sotakorvaukset. 

Teosta lukiessani korostuivat 

kuitenkin monessa mielesszi mycis 

raskaitten sotavuosien mydnteiset 

seuraamukset. Kunnioitan syddmestAni 

sotavuosina kansalaisina, piieittiijinii 

ja johtajina eliimiintyiins:i tehneitri. 

KIRJAT o EOOKS 

En tiedii, mikri olisi kansallinen, 

henkinen ryhtimme ilman ntiitii kokemuksia. 

Minkiilaatuista olisi teollisuutemme 

uudistuminen ja laaj entuminen 

ollutilman sotakorvauksia. En osaa arvioida, 

miten teknologiakehityksemme 

tilstii siniinsii kielteisestii tilanteesta 

sai pontta. Jotakin siitii olen kuullut 

esimerkiksi sotakorvauksista vastanneiden 

veteraanien puheenvuoroina. 

Voi olla, ettii sotalapsilla ja erityisesti 

veteraaneilla ja heidiin omaisillaan on 

kaytannrin tietoa siitii, mitii kansan viisaus 

tarkoittaa todetessaan: "Ei niin 

pahaa ettei jotain hyviiii". 

Sotalasten kohtalo on askarmttanut 

o maisia, tutkij oita, p 2iiitiiks entekij itita 

ja tiedotusviilineitii. Viime vuosikymmenien 

arwiot rikastuvat mielestAni 

oleellisesti, kun verrataan esitettyjA 

niikemyksiii "Olin sotalapsi" -kirjan 

kirjoittajien kokemuksiin. Poimin joitakin 

esimerkkej ri kirjan lehdilta. 

Raili kirjoittaa siitii miten kesdn 

lzimpd, kauneus ja onnellisuuden tuntu 

on jiiiinyt hdnen mieleensd. Hiin toteaa 

viisaasti ja ainakin omaa kokemustani 

vastaavasti, ettii lapsi oppii hywriksymiidn 

kaiken uuden, jos perustarpeet 

on tyydytetty. Toisaalta sama kirjoittaja 

toteaa, ettzi Eteki-Pohjanmaan lakeuksien 

ja latojen tullessa niikyviin 

alkoi mielessa sykahdelki kotiinpaluun 

riemu. "Sillzi hetkell2i unohdimme koko 

Ruotsin". 

Pirkko puolestaan sanoo: "Se sota oli 

meidiin pelastus". Lea kirjoittaa kasvattajastaan: 

"Kylld oli ihmeellinen td.ti, 

hiin oli leski. Hiinellii oli kaksi lasta 

ja otti vielii sotalapsen kolmanneksi". 

Tai Irma: "... vaakakupissa painavat 

kuitenkin positiiviset ainekset huomattavasti 

enemmdn". Rainer toteaa: 

"Sotalapseus oli ... positiivinen vaihe. 

Muistelen sitii ltimmtilld". Kirsbi: "... 

muistan. kuinka vaikeat olot olivat sil-

KIRJAT o BOOKS 

loin Suomessa ja kuinka hyvein hoidon 

lapset saivat Ruotsissa. Myds me ihmiset 

olemme kaikki erilaisia, toiset sopeutuvat, 

toiset eivdt". 

Anneli toteaa: "Sotalapsuudesta ollaan 

nykyisin monta eri mieltzi. Minultakin 

on kysytty, olisinko liihettiinyt 

oman lapseni. Olosuhteet ovat nyt ihan 

erilaiset, mutta jos lapseni olisi saanut 

samat eliimzin evdiit, jotka itse koen 

saaneeni, olisin lAhettiinyd'. Seija kirjoittaa: 

"Minulla on ollut vaiheikkaampi 

lapsuus kuin niillzi sisaruksillani jotka 

ovat olleet koko ajan kotona. TiitA en 

vield osannut mydnkiii 30 vuoden irissA". 

Niiihin ajatuksiin yhdyn luimmrillzi, 

kuten monen muunkin kirjoittajan arvioon. 

MistEi mahtaisi johtua ero viime vuosikymmenien 

julkisen kuvan ja "Olin 

sotalapsi" -kirj an prieiasiallisen viestin 

vzilill€i? Se voisi johtua esimerkiksi siitii, 

ettii tutkijat, toimittajat ja piiatciksentekijiit 

eiviit ole samaa ikriluokkaa 

kuin sotalapset ja ettd heidiin sosiaalinen 

ja taloudellinen asemansa poikkeaa 

sotalasten ekimein eveiistzi. Asiaa kokemattoman 

on vaikeaa tutkien ja 

haastatellen saada esiin sen aikaista 

ilmapiirizi ja vaihtoehtojen tosiasiallista 

vzihyyttii. Minunkin kohdallani 

vaihtoehto olisi ollut avain kaulassa 

Helsingin pommituksissa. 

Sekin voi vaikuttaa, ettd sotalapset 

kotikasvatuksensa perusteella kunnioittavat 

vanhempiaan. Tarve arvostella 

armottomasti, tosiasialliset olosuhteet 

unohtaen, ei siihen aikaan ollut 

yleiski. Nykyisinkin useimmat lapset 

taitavat suhtautua vanhempiinsa ja 

heidiin virheisiinsui ja puutteisiinsa solidaarisesti 

ja ymmdrtzivAisesti. Miksi 

e(rme mekin, jotka nziimme vanhempiemme 

ahdingon. 

Liihteenii erilaisille arvioille voi olla 

mydskin kieli. Kun aina korostan kak- 

JO 

sikielisyyden myiinteisiii puolia, en tee 

sitA lapsuuteeni ja nuoruuteeni liittyviri 

kielellisiii vaikeuksia viihiitellen. 

Tiedzin vieltikin, ettii naisen kieli ja sotalapsen 

kaksikielisyys vaikuttaa paitsi 

mieleen myds kieleen. 

Suomenkielisen lapsen hankaluuksia 

ovat pohtineet Bertil Malmberg ja 

Markku Lahtela aikaisemmin. Toinen 

mycinteisestd, toinen kielteisestii niikiikulmasta. 

Tiistii kirjasta saa nAybtdjri 

mycis kielen avulla leimaamisesta. 

Eriitit kokemukset kytkeytyviit tiimAn 

pziiviin koulukiusaamisesta kaytyyn 

keskusteluun. "Puhuin Helsingin slangia 

tullessani kotiin, jossa puhuttiin 

Karjalan kielta"... Saran kokemukset, 

samoin monen muun, korostavat kielen 

merkitystA. 

Huomionarvoisia ovat ruotsalaisten 

tapa- j a juhlakulttuurin kuvaukset. Voi 

niitd Ebban, Lean, Airin, Suoman, Annelin, 

Seijan, Lassen, Eilan, Helmin 

kommentteja! Ovat niin tuttuja, niin 

tuttuja ... lukiessani on kuin tuntisin 

heidzit muutoinkin. Mairen kirjaan aikanaan 

kirjoitetut Jeanna Otherdahl'in 

sanat "From, frimodig, frikostig", 

vastaavat niitii eviiitii, joita miniikin 

Ruotsin kodista sain. 

Ajattelen kuten Ritva: 'Ei auttanut 

Aidin vastaanpaneminen. Siitii olen hrinelle 

kiitollinen, ettd. hiin silloin antoi 

periksi ja antoi meid:in ld.hted". Yhdyn 

mybs Liisan ajatukseen: "Eldmdssiini 

on todella ollut hyvii ja ttirkezi asia se, 

ettii piiiisin Ruotsiin. Silti vriheksymzittA 

omaa kotiani Suomessa, joka kuitenkin 

sodasta huolimatta oli kaikkein paras." 

Suosittelen kirjaa kaikille, jotka haluavat 

avata vuosikymmenien jAlkeen 

niiktikulman sotalapsuuteen, sen vivahteisiin 

j a vaihtoehtoihin. 

Pirkko Tydliijiirai

--- 

KIRJAT o BOOKS 

Tiet o a ulk o m a aI ai s a s ent ei d en selviisti kielteisempiid kuin aikaisem- 

mtruttumiseste 

min kaikissa ika-, sukupuoli-, koulu- 

Magdalena Jaakhola: Suomalnisten hiristyu 

cit ulho maalaisa senteet. T\t 6p ol iitttinen 

tutkirnus 101. Helsinki 1995. 102 s. + 

Iiitteet. 

tus- ja ammattiryhmissii, kaikkien 

puolueiden kannattajien ja molempien 

kieliryhmien keskuudessa sekti kaupungeissa 

etfii maaseudulla. Suhteellisesti 

mydnteisimmin suhtautuvat korkeasti 

koulutetut, naiset, ruotsinkieli- 

Magdalena Jaakkola tarkastelee kirjassaan 

suomalaisten suhtautumista 

pakolaisiin ja muihin ulkomaalaisiin 

vuosina 1987 ja 1993 tehtyjen tutkimusten 

perusteella. Kirjassa selvitetddn, 

minkiilaisia muutoksia on tapahtunut 

suomalaisten asenteissa ulkomaalaisiin 

kuluneiden kuuden vuoden 

aikana eri viiestciryhmissii. 

Tutkimus on Suomessa ainoa koko 

viiestij'Zi edustava laaja ja vertaileva 

tutkimus tiistti aiheesta. Magdalena 

Jaakkola on alan uranuurtaja, ja hiinen 

tutkimuksellaan on selvd sosiaalinen 

tilaus. Suomessa on edelleen vdhiin 

ulkomaalaisia, mutta heidiin lukumuirirAnsA 

on tutkimusajankohtien vdlisenii 

aikana kolminkertaistunut ja 

pakolaisten miiZirii on kymmenkertaistunut. 

Myds Suomen taloudellinen tilanne 

on radikaalisti muuttunut. 

Jaakkolan tutkimuksessa kuvataan 

ensinniikin suomalaisten asenteiden 

kehitystzi eri slstzi ja eri maista tulleita 

maahanmuuttajia kohtaan. Toiseksi 

selvitetZiiin suomal aisten suhtautumista 

maahanmuuttajiin suomalaisen yhteiskunnan 

jziseninri ja heidrin valmiuttaan 

mytintdd ulkomaalaisille kielellisiri 

ja poliittisia oikeuksia. Lisdksi tarset, 

uskonnolliset ja poliittiselta kannaltaan 

vihreiden, RKP:N ja vasemmistoliiton 

kannattajat. Illkomaalaisvastaisuus 

on lisiirintynyt eniten jo ennestddn 

kielteisimpien viihiin koulutettujen, 

tydveiestOn ja maanviljelijciiden 

keskuudessa, joilla ei ole henkilitkohtaisia 

kontakteja ulkomaalaisten kanssa. 

Asenteiden kiristymistA selittiiii 

Jaakholan mukaan suomalaisten kokema 

ulkomaalaisten aiheuttama sosioekonominen 

uhka. Suomalaiset pelkririvrit 

myds sitd, ettei ulkomaalaisten 

maahanmuuton seurauksena AIDS, 

huumeet, levottomuudet ja jtirjestaytynyl 

rikollisuus lisiiiintywdt Suomessa. 

Kaikkein nuorimman ja vanhimman 

ikAryhmzin kielteisyys on kuuden vuoden 

aikana kasvannut suhteellisesti 

eniten. Taloudellinen lama selittii:ikin 

nuorten asenteiden kiristl'rnistii, sillii 

joka kolmas nuori tyrinhakija on tydtdn. 

Jaakkolan tutkimus nAyttiizi, ettd suomalaiset 

suhtautuvat edelleen torjuvimmin 

niihin kansallisuusryhmiin, 

joiden trlkond.kd, elintaso tai poliittinen 

jrirjestelmzi poikkeaa eniten suomalaisista. 

Vuoteen 1987 verrattuna suhteellikastellaan 

suomalaisten valmiutta sosiaaliseen 

vuorovaikutukseen ja kysyteizin, 

kuinka ldheiseen kanssakiiymiseen 

ulkomaalaisten kanssa ollaan valmiita. 

Tutkimuksen mukaan suomalaisten 

suhtautuminen pakolaisten ja muiden 

ulkomaalaisten maahanmuuttoon on 

sesti eniten olivat menettdneet "asemiaan" 

ne ryhmd.t, joiden maahanmuutto 

on lisAAntynyt viime aihoina ja joiden 

taholta on odotettavissa muuttopaineita 

Suomeen. Haluaisin kuitenkin kiinnittii:i 

huomiota yhteen epiitAsmzillisyyteen. 

Yhteenvedossa s. 96 Jaakkola 

vziittrizi, ettd: "...suhtautuminen nziiltii

KIRJAT r BOOKS 

alueilta tuleviin - venaliiisiin, virolaisiin, 

serbeihin, kroaatteihin, muslimeihin 

ja somaleihin - on erityisen torjuvaa". 

Taulukko 21- s. 55 kuitenkin esittziA, 

ettii virolaisten maahanmuuttoon 

suhtautui myrinteisestr 7I7o vuonna 

1987 ja 55 7o vuonna 1993. Virolaiset 

olivat etnisessii hierarkiassa motsalaisten 

jiilkeen vuonna 1987 viidennel- 

Iti sijalla ja vuonna 1993 he jakoivat 

viidennen sijan saksalaisten kanssa. 

Virolaiset ovat kyllii suhteellisesti menettdneet 

(-16) "asemiaan" enemman 

kuin muut hierarkian ylziprizin kansallisuusryhm:it. 

Jaakkola viittaa Van Dijkiin, jonka 

mukaan etnisiA ryhmizi koskevat tiedot 

perustuvat useimmiten tiedotusvuilineiden 

antamaan inforrnaatioon ja ihmisten 

jokapiiiviiiseen keskusteluun. 

Jaakkola esitteiAkin, ettd. "Suomessa, 

jossa on vZihiin ulkomaalaisia, ei ole 

mahdollista. ettri monikaan olisi henkildkohtaisesti 

niihnyt ulkomaalaisen 

kiiyttAv:in vZiiirin sosiaalietuja tai tekeviin 

rikoksia. Suomalaiset nAyttiivtit altistuneen 

tiedotusvrilineiden uhkakuville". 

Erityisesti tyrillisyystilanteen 

heikentyessii ja ihmisten kokeman sosiaaliekonomisen 

epd.varmuuden kasvaessa 

siirtolaiset joutuvat usein syntipukeiksi, 

vaikka heillii ei olisi mitiiAn 

vaikutusta tyOttiimyyden kasvuun. Aika 

pelottavalta tuntuu Jaakkolan tutkimuksesta 

ilmikziyvA tulos, ettii joka 

neljEis suomalainen on valmis kihettzimdiin 

ulkomaalaiset pois maasta tydllisyystilanteen 

heikentyessii. 

Magdalena Jaakkolan tutkimus on 

kauan odotettua ja tarpeellista tietoa 

niille, jotka ovat tydnsii puolesta tekemisissd 

maahanmuuton kanssa. Se on 

selke2isti kirjoitettu ja mielenkiintoista 

Iuettavaa kaikille, jotka ovat kiinnostuneita 

siitzi. miten suomalaiset suhtautuvat 

tdnne muuttaviin siirtolaisiin 

ja pakolaisiin. Tutkimuksen arvoa lisdd 

se, ettd se tekee mahdolliseksi verrata 

ulkomaalaisasenteita ja niiden kehittymistii 

muihin Pohjoismaihin. 

Tzimzinkaltaisen perusteellisen tutkimuksen 

ohella olisi mielenkiintoista 

saada jatkuvaa - vaikka pinnallisempaakin 

- tietoa suomalaisten ulkomaalaisasenteista 

muiden mielipidemittausten 

tapaan. Ulkomaalaisista 

Suomessa on tullut tosiasia, ja ulkomaalaisasenteet 

ovat tiirkeii yhteiskunnan 

ilmapiirin indikaattori, jota 

kannattaisi seurata jatkuvasti siinii 

kuin vaikkapa puoluekannatuksen 

vaihteluiakin. 

Eue Kyntiijii

I 

^-_ 

U lkomaalaispoliti ikan kdytdnnostd Suomessa 

MIELIPIDE 

Lisaisln Reetta Toivasen artikkeliin " Kansainvil iset 

sopimukset ja Suomen ulkomaalaispolitiikka" (Siir- 

suomalaisten kustannuksella (koultrtushan maksaa), 

mutta suomalaiset eiviit saa vastaavia edellytolaisuus-Migration 

1995:l) muutamia ndkokohtia. tyksia X-maassa. 

Ensiksikin, sopimukset ovat eri asia kuin niiden 

soveltaminen. Tdtd seikkaa Toivanen impl isiittisesti 

Suomeen tulevien siirtolaisten (etenkin Ruotsista, 

mutta myos Saksasta, Ranskasta, Vendjiiltii ja 

valittaakin. Ndin on lopa kauppapolitiikassa, .jossa 

lienee parhaimmat mahdollisuudet vastatoimenpiteisiin 

sopimusrikkojia kohtaan ja jossa on myds 

ulkomaalaisia koskevia sopimuksia helpompaa havaha, 

ettd tilanne, jossa maa A noudattaa sopimuksia, 

maa B ei, koituu ajanmittaan (idealistisen) maa 

Anglosaksisista maista) lapsille on tarjolla kouluissamme 

(ml. A- ja C-kielet) aivan toiset mahdollisuudet 

didinkielen la siihen liityvAn oman kulttuurin 

sdilyttAmiseen kuin ndmd maat konsanaan tarioavat 

suomalaissiirtolaisille kouluissaan. TAmAn ansiosta 

omakielisen koulutuksen tarjonnan siirto- 

A:n tappioksi. 

Kansainviilisessd normistossakin siis toisia pylaisten 

mdlirinii painotettu keskiarvo on Suomessa 

aika hyv6 kansakuntien joukossa. olihan vield vuokdlid 

valvotaan tarkastijatoiset ovat kuolleita kirjaimia, 

ts. niiden noudattamatta jdttdminen on yleinen 

den 1994 lopussa Suomessa asuvista ulkomaalaisista 

4045 % Ruotsista, Vendjdltd sekd saksan-, 

kdytdnto. Kansainvdlisilld ulkomaalaisia koskevilla 

sopimuksilla on myds oma "kansainviilinen soveltamisnormistonsa", 

josta yhden maan on yhtd vdhiin 

hyvai ja syyta poiketa kuin Suomen eri kzirdj6- 

ranskan- tai englanninkielisista maista. 

Myos espanjaa on tarjolla kouluissamme, enkA 

ole tdssd laskelmassa ottanut huomioon sita. etta 

moni kehitysmaa on virallisesti ranskan- tai englanoikeuksien 

toistensa kaytanndsta. 

ninkielinen. 

Kun siis sellaisen useaan muuhun maahan 

(mm. kehitysmaat) verrattuna hyvAn oikeusvaltion 

kuin Suomi eri lakien maaraysten valvonnassa ja 

rikkomuksista rankaisemisessa ja rangaistuksen 

Aliarvioida ei tule sitdkddn seikkaa, etta yllamainittujen 

kielten osaaminen pSdviieston taholta 

tarjoaa niiistA maista tuleville siirtolaisille huomattavasti 

paremmat ltihtokohdat lahestya pEidvdes- 

toineenpanossa on suuria eroja kdytiinnossd, niin 

kuinka sitten niitd ei olisi kansainvdlisissA sopimuksissa? 

Kansainvaliset vahemmistoja koskevat sotodn 

kuuluvaa omalla didinkielld kuin suomalaisilla 

on konsanaan maissa, joihin he muuttavat. Ruotsalaisten 

ja englanninkielisten maahanmuuttajien 

pimukset ovat taas kiiytdnnossii sellaisia, ettd niiden 

noudattamatta jtittiiminen ei aiheuta muuta 

sanktiota kuin kuunnella moralistien motkotusta, 

jos sitakaan. 

YK:n ym. kansainvdlisten elinten tulisi pyrkid 

asema on tdssd erityisen hyvii, mutta heiddn osuutensa 

on myos suuri. Ylldoleva huomioonottaen 

Suomen siirtolaiskielipolitiikka ei ole niin passiivista 

kuin Toivanen vdittAd, vaan p2iinvastoin suhteellisen 

hyvdd. 

vain harvoihin sopimuksiin, .joita sitten todella pyritaan 

toteuttamaan. Nykyinen sopimustehtailu on 

pitkdllh aikaviilillA heikentdnyt kaikkien kansainvdlisten 

sopimusten uskottavuutta my6s maissa, joissa 

ne on edes yritetty ottaa vakavasti. 

Kansainvdlinen kauppa- ym. taloudellinen sopimuskokemus 

osoittaa, etta vastavuoroisuutta vaa- 

Arvioitaessa suomalaisten suhtautumista siirtolaisiin 

olisi otettava huomioon myos ne huonot 

historialliset kokemukset, joita nimenomaan suomenkieliset 

ovat saaneet aiempina vuosisatoina 

maahan muuttaneista. Vuoden 1809 jAlkeen autonomiseen 

Suomeen, jolla oli oma kansalaisuuden 

kAsite, muutti ruotsalaisia ja myohemmin vetimalla 

pddstdain ajanmittaan hWiin tuloksiin, koska 

siihen sisdltyy sekdi porkkana ettA keppi tehtyjen 

niildisiA. Ruotsalaiset lienevat olleet itse asiassa 

Suomeen eniten muuttaneita ulkomaalaisia. 

sopimusten toimeenpanemiseksi. Vastavuoroi- Niin autonomian kuin itsendisyyden aikana 

suudesta on myos kokemuksia sosiaaliturvan alal- Suomeen tulleet ruotsalaiset siirtolaiset ovat kdrkkiidsti 

liittyneet ruotsinkieliseen vdhemmistoon, .jo- 

Toivanen itsekin mainitsee vastavuoroisuuden ka aikanaan teki kaikkensa estiiiikseen 84 

huomionarvoisena ndkokohtana (s. 11). Suomen 

tulisi ndin ollen esim. pyrki6 siihen, ettA didinkielenopetusta 

annettaisiin vain niistd maista tuleville, 

iotka antavat sitA vuorostaan Suomesta ao. maahan 

siirtyville. Ei liene toivottavaa, etta maan X 

kansalaiset sailvttavat didinkielensd Suomessa 

o/o:t1 

kielienemmiston saamasta kielellisid oikeuksia 

omassa maassaan. (Mm. RKP:n aatteellinen is6, 

Freudenthal, oli ruotsinmaalaisten siirtolaisten jdlkeldinen). 

Ruotsinkielisten siirtolaisten kielikriyttaiytymisessii 

Suomessa on samoja piirteit?i kuin Etelii-Af 

rikkaan muuttaneilla valkoisilla, jotka "liittyivat" 

39

sielld alkuperdisvaestda sortavaan valkoiseen viihemmistoon. 

Ruotsinmaalaisten siirtolaisten nykyasemaa 

sopimuksin. MissAdn ei kuitenkaan ole vaivauduttu 

seliftamaan, miksi sitA koskevat mddrdykset menevdt 

kaikkien niiden sopimusten ohi, jotka myci- 

Suomessa selittdAkin se. etta Suomi oli Ruotsiin hemmmin on tehty kansainvAlisilld foorumeilla siir- 

nihden siirtomaa-asemassa (Ks. Jarmo Lainio, 

Siirtolaisuus-Migration 1995:i, s. 33). Mutta vaikka 

heidiin asemassaan Suomessa on siis yhd samola 

piineitii kuin englantilaisten siirtolaisuudessa lrlantolaisten 

oikeuksista. 

Suomessa on siis "laillistettu" esimerkki siitd, 

miten siirtolaisuuteen voidaan suhtautua. Ahvenanmaan 

kielilainsdddiinto on 1920luvun alun 

tiin tai ranskalaisten Tunisiaan, ei tAmd oikeuta 

ylldpitdmAAn ruotsalaisten erikoisasemaa muihin 

kansallisuusajattelun mukaista ia suomenkielisen 

viihemmiston (5,8 o/") assimilaatioon tahtaavaa. 

siirtolaisryhmiin verrattuna tai siihen nAhden, mitd 

suomenkieliset saavat vastavuoroisesti Ruotsilta. 

Ruotsinkielisten siirtolaisten "etuoikgutettua" 

Suomi ei kuitenkaan ole tehnyt kansainvAlisiin siirtolaisten 

ja vdhemmistojen oikeuksia koskeviin sopimuksiinsa 

Ahvenanmaata koskevia varaumia. 

asemaa Suomessa etenkin autonomian ajalla ko- Ehkd siksi, ettA Ahvenanmaan "ulkomaalaispolitiirostaa 

se, ettei se sovi lainkaan Reetta Toivasen kasta" karsivat eniten suomenkieliset siirtolaiset. 

referoimaan Claus Offenin malliin. Siihen ei toki 

mahdu mydskAdn saksalaisten asema Baltiassa 

aikanaan tai ranskalaisten Algeriassa ennen itsendisyyttd. 

Myos Peuran mallista (foivanen s. B) 

puuftuu tapaus, jossa siirtolaiset sortavat tai liitty- 

Unohdettaessa se, etta ruotsinkieliset ovat olleet 

(v. 1809 jiilkeen) siirtolaisryhmA, jolla on ollut 

ja on laajat kielelliset ja yhteiskunnalliset oikeudet, 

jAA syrjazin myos se seikka, etta eri siirtolaisryhmrit 

ovat Suomessa perin erilaisessa asemassa. Eika 

vdt alkuperdisv6estod syrj ivdn entisiin valloittajiin Suomi voi antaa muille millddn muotoa samaa ase- 

mm. kielellisesti (entiset siiftomaat). 

maa. 

Mielenkiintoista onkin se, miksi ulkomaalaispo- Ratkaisu voisi olla se, efta Suomi ja Buotsi tunlitiikassamme 

tahallaan unohdetaan ruotsalaissiirtolaisten 

ja heidAn jilkeldistensd asema. Ruotsin 

vallan ajan muistona on kuitenkin yhe pakkoruotsi 

nustaisivat yhteisen historiallisen menneisyyden 

uudella tavalla sekd sopisivat toistensa pdAkieltA 

puhuvien tasa-arvoisesta ja vastavuoroisesta koh- 

sekii suomenkielisten sikamainen kielellinen kohtelu 

Ruotsissa, olivatpa he alkuperdisviiestoi tai 

telusta. Tdllaisesta sopimisesta on esimerkkini 

Saksan ja Tanskan v. 1955 tekemA Koopenhami- 

siirtolaisia viime vuosikymmeniltd. Ruotsihan riknan sopimus tanskankielisten asemasta Saksassa 

koo ilman seurauksia kaikkia niitd kansainvAlisi6 ja saksankielisten Tanskassa. Suurin ongelma eh- 

sopimuksia, jotka Toivanen mainitsee. 

dotuksessa on se, etteivat sitd halunne Suomen 

Historialliseen muistiin kuuluu myos se, etta eikd Buotsin ruotsinkieliset; he haluavat jatkaa suo- 

Suomeen ennen vuotta 1917 tulleet venildrissiirtomenkielen syrjintAA Ruotsissa ja ruotsinkielen erilaiset 

ehtivdt al kaa kiiyttriytyii veniilAistd m isi n een tyisasemaa Suomessa. 

samaan tapaan kuin ruotsalaiset aikanaan. Kuinka 

Suomi voi huolehtia saamelaisista (kolme kieltai) ja 

Suomen ulkomaalaispolitiikka on epdilemdttd 

murroksessa kansainvAlistymisen ja kansainvdlis- 

romaneista. kun toimintatarmo meni oikeuksien 

hankkimiseen suomenkieliselle enemmistolle ruotten 

normien [YK, EryK, EN, EU) muodostumisen 

takia. KAytiinn6n ulkomalaispolitiikkaa muovattasinkielisen 

vdhemmiston sorrosta 1930-luvulle asessa on sopimusten kirjaimen asemesta pidettdvd 

ti? Osa saamelaisista sitd paitsi muutti Suomeen sil mdlld 1 ) kansainvdl ista yleista soveltamiskiiytAn- 

vasta 1880-luvulla. 

t6i, 2) vastavuoroisuuden periaatetta, 3) saatuja 

Kaikki tietdviit, miten huono suomenkielisten historiallisia kokemuksia ja 4) eri siirtolaisryhmien 

siirtolaisten asema on Ahvenanmaalla (mm. suo- valista tasa-arvoa mitddn maahanmuuttajaryhmriai 

menkielisten koulujen kielto) puhumattakaan siitd, sekii maahanmuLrttajien lukumddrid unohtamatta. 

mikA se on sielld verrattuna ahvenanmaalaisten 

vastaavaan asemaan mannermaalla. Ruotsinkie- Erkki Pihkala 

len asema on toki suojattu sielld kansainvdlisin Helsinki

\* 

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Ldhde: Tilastokeskus 

Suomen vieraskielinen vdesto 

31.12.1994 (20 suurinta kieliryhmiiii) 

6000 8000 

Henkiloei 

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Kuvio: Jouni Korkiasaari

Sotalapset kertovat omin sanoin kokemuksistaan: 

...Meille annettiin appelsiineja ja vohvelileivoksia. lhmettelin niiden hienoutta 

enki raskinut kunnolla painaa hampaita niihin... 

...Olin unohtanut didln, isAn ja sisarusteni niion sekA Sidinkieleni... 

0lln $talapll 

Toiminrnut ltlagdolm lfur{u 

ilnT0t{|tt,t|filftililt|rTl 

Suoramyyntihinta FIM 120 /US$ 20.00 

Tilaukseh Siirtolaisuusinstituutti, Piispankatu 3 

20500 Turku, p,rh. 921.-2317 536

1995 - 3 - Siirtolaisuusinstituutti

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