Reproduction performances and conditions of group-housed non ...

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- Appendix 1 - sol in oestrus cycle impaired the pre-ovulatory oestrogen surge, the preovulatory LH surge and the timing between oestrus behaviour and LH surge in female pigs (Turner et al., 2002). Likewise did administration of AdrenoCorticoTrophic Hormone (ACTH), followed by an increase in cortisol in very early pregnancy impede the cleavage rate of the embryos (Razdan et al., 2002). Furthermore, there are also indications that the endocrine regulation may be influenced by energy intake. A positive correlation is believed to exist between the levels of the energy related hormones, insulin and IGF-1, and the levels of LH and FSH (Hughes & Pearce, 1989; Peltoniemi et al., 1995). Finally, there are indications that a high level of feed intake may reduce the level of progesterone (Hughes & Pearce, 1989; Foxcroft, 1997). It therefore seems that both stress and energy intake may influence the reproduction physiology of the sow. These factors might be very much affected by the group housing system. In commercial group housing systems, mixing of unfamiliar sows often occur and in a number of studies, mixing of unfamiliar sows have lead to a more or less long-lasting elevated level of cortisol in plasma (Pedersen et al., 1993; Tsuma et al., 1996; Olsson & Svendsen, 1997b). Likewise, there are several indications that group housing may lead to individual variation in energy intake between sows (Brouns & Edwards, 1994; Olsson & Svendsen, 1997a; Andersen et al., 1999). References Andersen, I.L., Bøe, K., Kristiansen, A.L., 1999. The influence of different feeding arrangements and food type on competition at feeding in pregnant sows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 65, 91-104. Anderson, L.L., 2000. Pigs. In: Hafez, E. S. E., Hafez, B. (Eds.), Reproduction in farm animals. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, pp. 182-191. Ashworth, C.J., 1991. Embroyo development. Pig News and Information 12[4], 551-554. Bazer, F.W., Geisert, R.D., Thatcher, W.W., Robert, R.M., 1982. The establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. In: Cole, D. J. A., Foxcroft, G. R. (Eds.), Control of Pig reproduction. Butterworth Scientific, London, pp. 227-252. Bazer, F.W., Marengo, S.R., Geisert, R.D., Thatcher, W.W., 1984. Exocrine versus endocrine secretion of prostaglandin F2a in the control of pregnancy in swine. Animal Reproduction Science 7, 115-132. Britt, J.H., Armstrong, J.D., Cox, N.M., Esbenshade, K.L., 1985. Control of follicular development during and after lactation in sows. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Suppl. 33, 37-54. Brouns, F., Edwards, S.A., 1994. Social rank and feeding behaviour of group-housed sows fed competitively or ad libitum. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39, 225-235. 116
- Appendix 1 - Crombie, P.L., 1970. Ultrastructure of the foetal-maternal attachment in the pig. J. Physiol. Lond. 210, 101- 102P. Dunbar, B.S., Bundman, D.S., 2003. Evidence for a role of the major glycoprotein in the structural maintenance of the pig zona pellucida. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 81, 363-376. Dziuk, P., 1970. Estimation of optimum time for insemination of gilts and ewes by double-mating at certain times relative to ovulation. J. Reprod. Fert. 22, 277-282. Dziuk, P., 1985. Effect of migration, distribution and spacing of pig embroys on pregnancy and fetal survival. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Suppl. 33, 57-63. Estill, C.T., Britt, J.H., Gadsby, J.E., 1993. Repeated Administration of Prostaglandin F2a during the Early Luteal Phase Causes Premature Luteolysis in the Pig. Biology of Reproduction 49, 181-185. Foxcroft, G.R., 1997. Mechanisms mediating nutritional effects on embryonic survival in pigs. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Suppl. 52, 47-61. Foxcroft, G.R., Hunter, W.G., 1985. Basic physiology of follicular maturation in the pig. J. Reprod. Fert. , Suppl. 33, 1-19. Frandson, R. D. and T. L. Spurgeon. 1992. Anatomy and physiology of farm animals. Lea & Febiger, Mal- vern, Pennsylvania. Geisert, R.D., Short, E.C., Morgan, G.L., 1994. Establishment of Pregnancy in Domestic Farm Species. Em- broynic Mortality in domestic species Kapitel 2, 51pp. Geisert, R.D., Yelich, J.V., 1997. Regulation of conceptus development and attachment in pigs. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Suppl. 52[133], 149. Geisert, R.D., Zavy, M.T., Wettemann, R.P., Biggers, B.G., 1987. Length of pseudopregnancy and pattern of uterine protein release as influenced by time and duration of oestrogen administration in the pig. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 79, 163-172. Hughes, P.E., Pearce, G.P., 1989. The endocrine basis of nutrition-reproduction interactions. In: Barnett, J. L., Hennessy, D. P. (Eds.), Manipulating Pig Production II. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, pp. 290-295. Hughes, P.E., Pearce, G.P., Hemsworth, P.H., 1996. Reproduction. In: Taverner, M. R., Dunkin, A. C. (Eds.), Pig Production.pp. 67-88. Hughes, P. E. and M. A. Varley. 1980. Reproduction in the pig. Butterworth & Co, London. Hunter, R.H.F., 1967. The effects of delayed insemination on fertilization and early cleavage in the pig. J. Reprod. Fert. 13, 133-147. Hunter, R.H.F., 1981. Sperm transport and reservoirs in the pig oviduet in relation to the time of ovulation. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 63, 109-117. 117
Page 1 and 2:
Reproduction performances and condi
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Contents Summary………………
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Paper II - Summary - A review of 15
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- Sammendrag - SAMMENDRAG Antallet
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- Sammendrag - søgt. Positive korr
Page 15 and 16:
- Background and aim - systems and
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- Outline of this thesis - OUTLINE
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- How does group housing vary in pr
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- How does group housing vary in pr
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- Paper I - Effect of energy intake
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- Paper I - 1. Introduction The num
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- Paper I - Therefore, the aim of t
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Refer ence Table 1. Effect of energ
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- Paper I - Therefore, low energy s
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Table 2. Effect of energy intake in
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- Paper I - However, this does not
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Table 3. Effect of energy intake in
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- Paper I - Feeding sows 16, 27 or
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- Paper I - gonadotrophins (LH, FSH
Page 46 and 47:
- Paper I - the first four weeks af
Page 48 and 49:
- Paper I - Cosgrove, J.R., Foxcrof
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- Paper I - Matschke, G.H., 1964. T
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- Paper I - Tribble, L.F., Orr, D.E
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- Paper III - Indicators of feed in
Page 57 and 58:
- Paper III - 1. Introduction The n
Page 59 and 60:
Table 1. Applied feeding and housin
Page 61 and 62: - Paper III - performed. The sow ha
Page 63 and 64: - Paper III - proximately three wee
Page 65 and 66: - Paper III - Table 3. Overall mean
Page 67 and 68: Table 5. Correlations between all c
Page 69 and 70: Back fat W, mm Back fat gain, AM-F,
Page 71 and 72: - Paper III - from three weeks afte
Page 73 and 74: - Paper III - Number of skin lesion
Page 75 and 76: - Paper III - In herds practising g
Page 77 and 78: - Paper III - Previous work have fo
Page 79 and 80: References - Paper III - Andersen,
Page 81 and 82: - Paper III - Kongsted, A.G. 2004a.
Page 83 and 84: - Paper IV - Relation between repro
Page 85 and 86: - Paper IV - 1. Introduction Group
Page 87 and 88: - Paper IV - ing compared to number
Page 89 and 90: - Paper IV - mixed model using the
Page 91 and 92: Table 2. Estimates and standard err
Page 93 and 94: - Paper IV - cial effect on high ra
Page 95 and 96: References - Paper IV - Aherne, F.X
Page 97 and 98: - Paper IV - Olsson, A.-C., Svendse
Page 99 and 100: - General discussion - GENERAL DISC
Page 101 and 102: - General discussion - However, an
Page 103 and 104: References - General discussion - A
Page 105 and 106: - Conclusions - 6. CONCLUSIONS Two
Page 107 and 108: - Appendix 1 - APPENDIX 1 LITTER SI
Page 109 and 110: - Appendix 1 - they are mature i.e.
Page 111: - Appendix 1 - Soon after ovulation
Page 115: - Appendix 1 - Scott, M.A., 2000. A
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