Consultant's Report - Minnesota State Legislature
Consultant's Report - Minnesota State Legislature Consultant's Report - Minnesota State Legislature
Age and Growth MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Feasibility Study to Limit the Spread of Zebra Mussels from Ossawinnamakee Lake The growth rate of larvae or veligers is highly variable and depends mainly on temperature (Mackie et al. 1989) and chlorophyll-a content (e.g., phytoplankton) (Smylie 1994). Within the Great Lakes, veliger growth and settlement rates appeared to be optimal between 15 and 17°C (Smylie 1994), and the temperature threshold for adult zebra mussel growth varied between 10 and 12°C (Mackie et al. 1989). Nichols (1996) reported that the time required for a fertilized gamete to develop (through the veliger stage) into a fully developed juvenile takes longer in colder water temperature and thus can range from 8to 240 days. The life span of zebra mussels is highly variable, but it appears that North American populations have a shorter longevity than European populations. The average life span of zebra mussels can vary from 3 to 6 years throughout Poland and Britain, to as many as 9 years in Russia (Mackie et al. 1989). However, in North America, most zebra mussel populations have a life span of about 1.5 to 2 years (Mackie 1991). Mackie et al. (1989) also found that zebra mussels inhabiting heated waters have life spans that are shortened by about 1 year compared to unheated lakes in the same geographic area. Food and Feeding Zebra mussels are filter feeders, and zebra mussel food sources vary from micro-algae, microinvertebrates, bacteria, detritus, and other organic material. Zebra mussel food selection is performed by a variety of cilia, which generally select particles ranging from 15 to 40 /lm for food but can filter out particles as small as 0.7 to 1.0 /lm in diameter from the water (Mackie et al. 1989). The filtration of zebra mussels has been known to clarify the epilimnion and the littoral zones in lakes (Neumann and Jenner 1992). As zebra mussels ingest both organic and inorganic particles, the edible and nonedible portions are sorted. The rejected particles are bound in mucus, which are expelled as pseudofeces (Dean 1994). Ecological and Physiological Overview A summary of the following text describing zebra mussel resistance adaptation to physicochemical parameters is provided on the following page in Table IV-2 (McMahon 1996). IV-7 Review ofZebra Mussel (Dreissella poiymorpha) Species
MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Feasibility Study to Limit the Spread ofZebra Mussels from Ossawinnamakee Lake Table IV-2. Resistance Adaptation of Zebra Mussels to Physico-Chemical Parameters Parameter Life Cycle Stage Environmental Tolerance Limit Temperature Tolerance Respiratory Response Adult AnoxialHypoxia Response Adult Veliger Larva Adult Veliger Larva Veliger Larva Salinity Tolerance Adult Veliger Larva Emersion Tolerance Adult Veliger Larva Freezing Air Temp. Tolerance Adult Veliger Larva pH Limits Adult Veliger Larva Calcium Cone. Limits Adult Veliger Larva Starvation Tolerance Turbidity Tolerance Organic Enriclnnent Food Particle Size Limit. Source: McMahon 1996. Adult Veliger Larva Adult Veliger Larva Adult Veliger Larva Adult Temperature Reponses Veliger Larva Cannot survive above 30°C Fertilization 10 - 26°C; Development 12 - 24°C O2uptake maximized at 30 - 35°C Unknown p02 2: 32 - 40 torr at 25°C, poor O2regulator p02 2: 32 torr at 18 - 20°C Variable,
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Age and Growth<br />
MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES<br />
Feasibility Study to Limit the Spread of Zebra Mussels from Ossawinnamakee Lake<br />
The growth rate of larvae or veligers is highly variable and depends mainly on temperature<br />
(Mackie et al. 1989) and chlorophyll-a content (e.g., phytoplankton) (Smylie 1994). Within the<br />
Great Lakes, veliger growth and settlement rates appeared to be optimal between 15 and 17°C<br />
(Smylie 1994), and the temperature threshold for adult zebra mussel growth varied between 10<br />
and 12°C (Mackie et al. 1989). Nichols (1996) reported that the time required for a fertilized<br />
gamete to develop (through the veliger stage) into a fully developed juvenile takes longer in<br />
colder water temperature and thus can range from 8to 240 days.<br />
The life span of zebra mussels is highly variable, but it appears that North American populations<br />
have a shorter longevity than European populations. The average life span of zebra mussels can<br />
vary from 3 to 6 years throughout Poland and Britain, to as many as 9 years in Russia (Mackie et<br />
al. 1989). However, in North America, most zebra mussel populations have a life span of about<br />
1.5 to 2 years (Mackie 1991). Mackie et al. (1989) also found that zebra mussels inhabiting<br />
heated waters have life spans that are shortened by about 1 year compared to unheated lakes in<br />
the same geographic area.<br />
Food and Feeding<br />
Zebra mussels are filter feeders, and zebra mussel food sources vary from micro-algae, microinvertebrates,<br />
bacteria, detritus, and other organic material. Zebra mussel food selection is<br />
performed by a variety of cilia, which generally select particles ranging from 15 to 40 /lm for<br />
food but can filter out particles as small as 0.7 to 1.0 /lm in diameter from the water (Mackie et<br />
al. 1989). The filtration of zebra mussels has been known to clarify the epilimnion and the<br />
littoral zones in lakes (Neumann and Jenner 1992). As zebra mussels ingest both organic and<br />
inorganic particles, the edible and nonedible portions are sorted. The rejected particles are bound<br />
in mucus, which are expelled as pseudofeces (Dean 1994).<br />
Ecological and Physiological Overview<br />
A summary of the following text describing zebra mussel resistance adaptation to physicochemical<br />
parameters is provided on the following page in Table IV-2 (McMahon 1996).<br />
IV-7 Review ofZebra Mussel (Dreissella poiymorpha) Species
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