Consultant's Report - Minnesota State Legislature

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Mode of Life and Habitat MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Feasibility Study to Limit the Spread ofZebra Mussels from Ossawinnamakee Lake Mackie (1991) described the mode of life of D. polymorpha as epifaunal, which refers to living either on the sediment surface or on a firm substrate, such as a shell or other structure, on or above the sediment surface. Zebra mussels are known to inhabit freshwater lakes and rivers (Strayer 1991) but they also do well in cooling ponds, quarries, and irrigation ponds as well. Research within North America has demonstrated that zebra mussels are capable of living in brackish water or estuaries, where salinity does not exceed 8 to 12 parts per thousand (ppt) (Nalepa and Schloesser 1993). Dispersal Mechanisms Numerous potential dispersal mechanisms oflarval and adult D. polymorpha have been reviewed in the literature. These dispersal mechanisms have been divided into natural mechanisms (e.g., water currents, birds, insects, and other animals) and human-mediated or anthropogenic mechanisms (e.g., artificial waterways, ships and other vessels, fishing activities, amphibious planes, and recreational equipment). Generally, dispersal of zebra mussels is believed to occur naturally primarily by currents that canoy plankton veligers (Mackie et al. 1989, Carlton 1993). The "foot" is an extendible muscular organ located in the mid-ventral region ofthe mussel, and its primary function is locomotion. Located within the foot is the byssal gland, which produces secretions that are used to form byssa1 threads. The zebra mussel uses the byssal threads for attachment to various substrates. As environmental conditions change, the zebra mussel has the ability to detach their byssal threads from the substrate and can "move" either directly via the "foot" or passively as water currents move the mussel to a more suitable location or substrate (Frisina and Eckroat 1992). Geographic Distribution As, stated previously, zebra mussels were first observed within North America in Lake St. Clair in 1988 (Ram and McMahon 1996). From their apparent arrival in 1998 through the present, zebra mussels have spread throughout all the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence, Mississippi, Tennessee, Hudson, and Ohio River Basins (USACE 2005, US Department ofthe Interior 2000). Figures IV-2 and 3 illustrate the initial infestation in 1988 and the subsequent spread of zebra mussel distribution in 1999 within North America. IV-3 Review of Zebra Mussel (Dreissella polylIlOlpha) Species
MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Feasibility Study to Limit the Spread ofZebra Mussels from Ossawinnamakee Lake Figure IV-2. North American Zebra Mussel Distribution in 1988 Source: USAGE 2005. Figure IV-3. North American Zebra Mussel Distribution in 1999 Source: USAGE 2005. IV-4 Review of Zebra Mussel (Dl'eissel/a polYIIIOIpha) Species
Page 3 and 4: List ofTables MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT
Page 5 and 6: I. Introduction Purpose MINNESOTA D
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Page 15: Outlet Structure MINNESOTA DEPARTME
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Combined Treatments MINNESOTA DEPAR
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MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RES
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Feasibility Study To Limit the Spre
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METHOD OF INVESTIGATION MINNESOTA D
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VII-B. Treatment Alternatives Expan
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Message Page 3 of4 3/21/2005 best.
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I \ I iV!1';UJIOOiS for Estimaling
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FishPro Consulting Engineers and Sc
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Zebra Mussel Feasibility Study-Main
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FINAL REPORT OF THE EFFECTS OF CUTR
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Limitations in this data set hav.e
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Appendix 1. Development of D. polym
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Figure 2 demonstrates that hatching
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Experimental designs were modified
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Pre-fertilization andpost-fertiliza
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Expt Chemical 1 2 3 Table 3. Summar
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Appendix 4: Effect of Exposure Time
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Aquatic invertebrates in upper Peli
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In contrast, fall sampling revealed
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Lake Ossawinnamakee and Pelican Bro
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VII-F. Meeting Summaries
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Rich Rezanka would like us to refer
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VII-G. List of Abbreviations Used
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VII-H. Glossary of Terms
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Secchi disc MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF
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Consultant's Report - Minnesota State Legislature

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