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Table 4.7: The effect of antenatal care and socio-demographic factors on adverse birth outcomes Variables Adverse birth Outcome N % ANC None 14 28.6 Less than four visits 59 26.1 Four or more visits Gestation age at first visit 263 27.1 None 14 33.3 First Trimester 213 23.6 Second and Third Trimester Delivery Site 107 37.0 Private Health Facility 46 54.8 Public Health Facility 275 29.2 Home Delivery Race 14 6.6 African 243 23.9 Other Place of Residence: 93 41.0 Rural 170 33.1 Urban 166 22.7 Highest Level of Education: Primary or Less Secondary or More Age: 15-24 25-34 34-49 Marital Status: Never Married Currently Married Formerly Married Parity 1 2-3 4-5 6+ API High Medium High Medium Low N 44 109 227 130 160 46 142 185 9 128 143 48 17 4 146 143 43 336 23.6 29.0 26.0 29.6 22.5 26.2 28.9 14.5 30.0 29.2 23.2 14.2 7.8 22.0 33.2 43.9 27.0
The results show a significant relationship (X 2 = 20.987; p= 0.000) between timing of first antenatal care visit and adverse birth outcome. Surprisingly, women attending antenatal care in their first trimester were more likely (37 percent) to have adverse birth outcomes compared with women reporting attending antenatal care in their second and third trimester (23.6 percent) as the timing for their first antenatal care visit. Also of interest, more than 54 percent of women reporting private health facility as their place of delivery were significantly more likely (X 2 = 80.167; p= 0.000) to have adverse birth outcome compared with women who delivered in a public health facility (29.2 percent) and at home (6.6 percent). There was a statistically significant relationship (X 2 = 27.446; p= 0.000) between race of the mother and birth outcome. Women of other races (41 percent) were more likely to have adverse birth outcome compared with African women (23.9 percent). Also women residing in urban areas (33 percent) were significantly (X 2 = 16.633; p= 0.000) more likely to have adverse birth outcome compare to women in rural areas (22.7 percent). Women with secondary or higher education were more likely (29 percent) to have adverse birth outcome compared with women with primary or less education (23.6 percent). The results were statistically significant (X 2 = 4.208; p= 0.040). Interestingly, the results also show that a high proportion of women with a high API (43.9 percent) were likely to have adverse birth outcomes compared with women with a medium high (33 percent), medium (22 percent) and low API (7.8 percent). The results were found to be statistically significant (X 2 = 40.460; p= 0.000). About 30 percent of women aged 25 to 34 years were more likely to have an adverse birth outcome, compared with 26 percent of women aged 15 to 24 years and 22.5 percent of women aged 35 to 49. However, the results were found to be statistically not significant (X 2 = 4.198, p= 0.123). There was a statistical significant relationship (X 2 = 6.257; p= 0.044) between marital status and birth outcome. Women who were currently married (28.9 percent) were likely to have adverse birth outcomes compared with never married women (26.2 percent) and formally married women (14.5 percent). 45
Page 1 and 2:
AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF ANTEN
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere appreci
Page 5 and 6: THIS WORK IS DEDICATED TO: DEDICATI
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER ONE TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRO
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Socio-demographic ch
Page 11 and 12: 1.1 Background of the study CHAPTER
Page 13 and 14: 1.3 Justification of the study Whil
Page 15 and 16: irth weight, caesarean section and
Page 17 and 18: Birth outcomes such as size of the
Page 19 and 20: 1.6 Organization of the dissertatio
Page 21 and 22: the South African Demographic Healt
Page 23 and 24: sufficient access to life-saving he
Page 25 and 26: 2.2 Use of antenatal care Studies h
Page 27 and 28: Early care also allows for the deve
Page 29 and 30: Umkhanyakude district in KwaZulu-Na
Page 31 and 32: likely to make decisions about thei
Page 33 and 34: In contrast, another study showed a
Page 35 and 36: clinics situated on or at the inter
Page 37 and 38: inter-pregnancy intervals of 18-59
Page 39 and 40: A questionnaire was used to collect
Page 41 and 42: (v) Highest educational level Educa
Page 43 and 44: mother. Lastly, the large number of
Page 45 and 46: Table 4.1; Socio-Demographic Charac
Page 47 and 48: 4.3 Number of antenatal care visits
Page 49 and 50: Another interesting finding was tha
Page 51 and 52: There was a statistically significa
Page 53: 35-49 (17 percent). Similarly, mari
Page 57 and 58: The logistic regression results sho
Page 59 and 60: that most people start families at
Page 61 and 62: It has been argued that South Afric
Page 63 and 64: pattern, with Asians being the high
Page 65 and 66: REFERENCES Abdel-Hady E and Yahia A
Page 67 and 68: Department of Health. 1999. "South
Page 69 and 70: Maternal and Neonatal Health. 2005.
Page 71 and 72: Smith C, Pell J and Dobbie R. 2003
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