FROM CHINAMWALI TO CHILANGIZO:

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Howell, A M 2001. The religious itinerary ofa Ghanaian people: The Kasena and the Christian Gospel. Ghana: ACP (reprinted with the permission ofBerlin: Peter Lang.) Isichei, E 1995. A history ofChristianity in Africa from antiquity to the present. London: SPCK. Kho1owa, J and Fied1er, K 1999. Pachiyambi anawalenga chimodzimodzi. Blantyre: CLAIM. (Mvunguti series.) Kraft, M G 1995. Understanding Spiritual Power: A forgotten dimension of cross-cultural mission and ministry. New York: Orbis Books. Langworthy, H 1996. "Africa for the African" The life of Joseph Booth. Blantyre: CLAIM. (Kachere Monograph 2.) Latourette, K S 1975 [1953]. A history of Christianity, Vol. If: Reformation to the present. London: Harper and Row. Linden, I 1974. Catholics, peasants and Chewa resistance in Nyasaland: 1889-1939. London: Heinemann. --- 1978. Chisumphi theology in the religion of Central Malawi in Schoffe1eers, J M (ed.) 1978. Guardians ofthe land. Gweru: Mambo Press. (Kachere series.) Louw, J K 1987. Chichewa: A practical course, part three - word lists. Pretoria: UNISA. Malawi population and housing census report offinal census results for 1998. December 2000. Zomba: National Statistical Office. Mangoche, M V B 1990. Chichewa guidefor tourists. Li1ongwe:Dzuka Publishing. Martey, E 1998. Women and culture in contemporary Africa in Kenderon, P and Oduyoye, M (eds.). Women, culture and theological education. Enugu: WAAT. Mbiti, J S 1969. African religions andphilosophy. Oxford: Heinemann. --- 1986. Bible and theology in African Christianity. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. McBeth, H L 1987. The Baptist heritage: Four centuries of Baptist witness. Nashville: Broadman. Moreau, A S 1990. The world of the spirits: A biblical study in the African context. Nairobi: Evange1 Publishing House. Mwa1e, J 1977. Aspects ofnon-formal education: Traditional customs and beliefs ofthe Chewa people ofCentral Malawi. Nasimiyu-Wasike, A 1992. Christianity and the African Rituals ofBirth and Naming in Oduyoue, M and Kanyoro, R (eds). The will to arise: Women, tradition, and the Church in Africa. New York: Orbis Books. 149
The National Atlas ofMalawi, 1983. Blantyre: Department of Surveys. Oduyoye, M 1992. Women and ritual in Africa in Oduyoye, M and Kanyoro, R. The will to arise: Tradition and the church in Africa. New York: Orbis Books. __ 1995. Daughters ofAnowa: African women andpatriarchy. New York: Orbis Books. Ott, M 2000. African theology in images. Blantyre: CLAIM. (Kachere Monograph 12.) Parrinder, E G 1962 [54]. African Traditional Religion. London: Sheldon Press. Phiri, I 1997. Women, Presbyterianism and patriarchy: Religious experience ofchewa women in Central Malawi. Blantyre: CLAIM. Phiri, D D 1999 [1976]. Let us die for Africa: An African perspective on the life and death of John Chilembwe ofNyasaland/Malawi. Blantyre: Central African Limited. Phiri, 11998. The initiation of Chewa women ofMalawi: A Presbyterian woman's perspective in Cox, J L (ed) 1998. Rites of passage in contemporary Africa: Interaction between Christian and African traditional religions. Cardiff: Cardiff Academic Press. Pierard, R V 1990. Pax Americana and the Evangelical Missionary advance in Carpenter, J A and Shenk, W R (Eds). Earthen vessels: American Evangelicals and foreign missions, 1880 1980. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm B Eerdmans Publishing. Rakoczy, S 1997. African Christology in Johnson, E and Rakoczy, S 1997. Who do you say that I am? Introducing Contemporary Christology. Pietermaritzburg: Cluster Publications. Ross, K R (ed.) 1996. Christianity in Malawi: A source book. Gweru: Mambo Press. (Kachere Book no. 3.) Sanneh, L 1993 [1989]. Translating the message: The missionary impact on culture. New York: Orbis Books. Sarpong, P 1977. Girls' Nubility Rites in Ashanti. Ghana: Ghana Publishing Corporation. Schoffeleers, J M (ed) [1978] 1999. Guardians ofthe land: Essays on central African territorial cults. Gweru: Mambo Press. (Kachere reprint.) --- 1997. Religion and dramatisation oflife: Spirit beliefs and rituals in Southern and Central Malawi. Blantyre: CLAIM. (Kachere Monograph 5.) Scott, D C and Hetherwick, A 1929. Dictionary ofthe Nyanja language. London: Religious Tract Society. Shepperson, G and Price, T 2000. Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Nyasaland rising of1915. Blantyre: CLAIM. (Kachere Monograph 13.) The student's English-Chichewa dictionary, 1986 [1972]. Blantyre: CLAIM. Sullivan, J L 1983. Baptist polity as I see it. Nashville: Broadman. 150
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FROM CHINAMWALI TO CHILANGIZO: THE
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MWACHIDULE Chimangiriro ichi chikuf
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION n ABS
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MAPS........................•...
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1. INTRODUCTION Ntchembere yanzeru,
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My motivation, therefore, in the st
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In her work, Women, Presbyterianism
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This study covers female initiation
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vation and interviewing. The method
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church leaders, both men and women,
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Scriptures in order to understand w
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2. THE 'RELIGIOUS ITINERARY'? OF TH
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name of a person or his title to de
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lineage, and the whole community. F
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cross boundaries), and ziwanda ('ev
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ciation and 'celebration ofthe powe
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3. THE EMERGENCE OF THE SOUTHERN BA
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(2001:12) points out, three things
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tongues. Hilary Mijoga (1998:31) no
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2002). The two groups continued sep
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instrumental in supporting the idea
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On the mission field not all missio
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Autonomy is a term which expresses
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that our likulu is in heaven, and t
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Chewa is that menstrual blood is sa
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girls are 'captured' and put in the
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nity of both the living and the anc
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evil intentions at the initiation c
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Makanja or namkhwanya are masked da
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The first day's activities end with
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Then at the end ofthe song all the
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In the evening the initiates perfon
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While singing the same song above,
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the other being 'cutting' one's thr
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ishing them, especially if any of t
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stand and makes her jump over the s
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has her menses. Ulemu is also manif
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Teaching on the observance of taboo
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importance of the ritual. The prese
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When they are buried in the ground,
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5. CHILANGIZO: A CHRISTIAN RESPONSE
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Merely to condemn their rites and g
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Adopting the Christian faith, as Wa
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She mentioned that she did not know
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espectively (with pennission) ofbot
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port the teaching. The instruction
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6.2 CHILANGIZO CEREMONY AT CHIMENYA
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elderly people to mill their maize,
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women repeated most of what had bee
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There are dos and donts!' The whole
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Traditional beliefs. Things do chan
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such as phada (girls' game ofjumpin
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All the three ceremonies show that
Page 108 and 109: Generally, rituals Help people reme
Page 110 and 111: Human life is seen as a unity betwe
Page 112 and 113: The three case studies ofzilangizo
Page 114 and 115: With regard to the teaching content
Page 116 and 117: The booklet does not give instructi
Page 118 and 119: nences too great a strain as well a
Page 120 and 121: 7. CONCLUSION: TOWARDS A CHRISTIAN
Page 122 and 123: The Scriptures say a great deal abo
Page 124 and 125: it is the mother who is normally ac
Page 126: about the fact that 'chikondi chang
Page 129 and 130: married couples as well, it would a
Page 131 and 132: social' (Oduyoye 1992:9). Through d
Page 133 and 134: seclusion until the chinamwali cere
Page 135 and 136: Please note that singing, dancing,
Page 137 and 138: The meaning is that this is the cou
Page 139 and 140: 9. Ndinu mudanlenga inetu eee! Muda
Page 141 and 142: Onse azibvina akugwira thupi lawo n
Page 143 and 144: tion and gift-giving time. While al
Page 145 and 146: 7.5 CONCLUSION The aim of this litu
Page 147 and 148: Chapter two 7. See Howell, A (2001)
Page 149 and 150: also be either a Christian or a non
Page 151 and 152: 51. Chingondo must have a very sign
Page 153 and 154: Chapter six 67. Although the pastor
Page 155 and 156: SOURCES CONSULTED 1. Primary source
Page 157: --- 1995. Christianity in Africa: T
Page 161 and 162: DeGabriele, J 1999. When pills don'
Page 163 and 164: GLOSSARY OF CHEWA WORDS· Abambo Ab
Page 165: Mkuzi M1andu Mmeto Mnjeza Mpalo str
Page 169 and 170: PLATE 3 Chingondo - On the Head of
Page 171 and 172: PLATES Chilangizo at Mphindo Baptis
Page 173 and 174: chiefs house so that we could light
Page 175 and 176: going round the village they would
Page 177 and 178: all join in ululating and take the
Page 179 and 180: girls, covered all round with cloth
Page 181 and 182: 9. Mkanda de, mkanda wa mkamwa Ndat
Page 183 and 184: I left for the ground when a messag
Page 185 and 186: The girls danced for a while and th
Page 187 and 188: , Many infonnants called mkangali t
Page 189 and 190: Meaning: This is the time to be cou
Page 191 and 192: would punish her in different ways,
Page 193 and 194: Akakwatana. When in marriage. A dra
Page 195 and 196: 58. Ndamvera kwathu, yaya Mwana wan
Page 197 and 198: The Chingondo (Headcrown) Ritual We
Page 199 and 200: frightening them, or punishing them
Page 201 and 202: dancing team. After dancing for a w
Page 203 and 204: They are however, reminded that aft
Page 206 and 207: APPENDIX D (Translated with permiss
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for a while from norrnallife and pu
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Gwiritsani ntchito ndime zalembedwa
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Ndi udindo wa alangizi kukonza maph
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Machembere ayenera kumawafupa atsik
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Anthu onse nkuseka. Ndipo anamkungw
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Amayiwo ayenera kusonyeza ntchito y
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Adzichitira ulemu nyumba ya Mulungu
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